A Study Of Primers In Ming Dynasty

In ancient Chinese education,Children’s enlightenment education came about when they were aged 8 to 15.Due to the young age and unsophisticated mind of the educated,it is very important to have a well-oriented education.When adults realize this,they compile a lot of books around children’s moral cultivation and knowledge growth,which is the primer book for enlightenment education.Due to the tradition of paying attention to prime education in ancient times,there are some famous scholars and thinkers among the adults compiling primer books,such as Zhu Xi,Lü Kun and Wang Shouren.The educational ideas and methods expressed in Mongolian books often have a certain relationship with the spiritual outlook and cultural characteristics of that era.The Ming Dynasty was in the late stage of Chinese feudal society.Some ideas,systems and concepts of feudal society basically formed a fixed model,even a little rigid.However,with the development of commodity economy,the rise of cities,the change of production mode and the prosperity of book engraving industry,the lifestyle and ideas of people in the Ming Dynasty are changing.In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,people began to pay attention to entertainment and enjoyment,and popular culture prevailed.The hierarchy has suffered an unprecedented impact,and the principles and disciplines are unbalanced.Many intellectuals feel the crisis of traditional order and hope to save the declining reality of the world through enlightenment education.The primer books in the Ming Dynasty basically inherited the ideas and forms of the previous generation,and also brought its uniqueness given by the society of the Ming Dynasty: the types and quantity of primer books are far more than those of the previous generation;The form and language of primer books are more popular;The compilation ideas and methods of some classic primer books have been influenced so far;Pay more attention to children’s action and practice in moral education.The types of primer books in the Ming Dynasty basically inherited the previous dynasties and were divided into seven categories: literacy primers,antithesis primers,history primers,literary quotation primers,story primers,moral primers,female primers.The literacy primers in the Ming Dynasty are divided into two categories: one is the literacy primers represented by "sanzijing" "baijiaxing" "qianziwen";One is the popular folk characters.In the Ming Dynasty,there were many "sanzijing" "baijiaxing" "qianziwen" annotated books,adapted books and supplementary books,but none surpassed the previous generation.These newly compiled literacy primers were rarely used for primer education.“Sanzijing”“baijiaxing”“qianziwen” were used in literacy education as a set of teaching materials in the late Ming Dynasty,which shows that the way and content of literacy education in ancient China have been basically fixed in the Ming Dynasty.There were a lot of popular folk characters in Ming Dynasty.The popularity of miscellaneous characters had something to do with the development of commodity economy in Ming Dynasty.It greatly promoted the improvement of literacy rate in Ming Dynasty.Antithesis primers were popular in the Ming Dynasty,which had a certain relationship with the official advocacy and the imperial examination.The antithesis primers of the Ming Dynasty are divided into two categories.One is about the antithesis primers of the materials of the opposite category.This kind of antithesis primers are arranged according to the category.Each couplet is independent and has more content,which is mainly for readers to consult.One is the antithesis primers of rhyme pair.The compilers use rhymes to connect some clever pairs together to form dual and rhythmic paragraphs,which are arranged according to rhyme,in which there is also the transmission of knowledge and righteousness.History primers accounted for a large proportion in the primers of the Ming Dynasty.Due to the rulers’ attention to the role of history and the promotion of the imperial examination system,the historical primers of the Ming Dynasty have the characteristics of large number,diverse forms and complete genres compared with the previous dynasties.In the Ming Dynasty,historiography was popularized constantly,and prose style primer and Tanci style primer appeared;There are many adaptations and excerpts of history books;History is written in many books.The historical and moral concepts contained in the history primers of the Ming Dynasty are basically consistent with the official historical books.Literary quotation primers is a transitional Textbook between literacy and Scripture reading.Its narrative characteristics are easy to arouse children’s interest.The two most popular allusions in the Ming Dynasty are "Youxue qionglin" and "Longwenbianying "."Youxue qionglin" adopts the arrangement of similar books,has no strict requirements on rhythm,has strong story and popular content.The perfect integration of moral education,natural history education and poetry education is the reason why it can become a classic to this day,and it is also one of the most beneficial experiences left by ancient children’s education to future generations."Longwenbianying " is arranged according to rhyme,rhymed neatly,rich in content and less admonitory color.There are many adaptations,notes and supplements in the process of the spread of the two literary quotation primers.Story primers appeared in the song and Yuan Dynasties and were really popular in the Ming Dynasty.At present,most of the story primers appear in Wanli period,which has something to do with the prevalence of popular culture and the progress of wood carving technology at that time.This kind of primers are generally written in prose language.The content is easy to understand and has obvious moral guidance.Many primers contain the story of "twenty-four filial piety".Story primers are generally equipped with illustrations,which make the story intuitive and vivid,so as to stimulate children’s interest.Pictures and words undertake the narrative function together,which makes the popularization of primers in the Ming Dynasty span the field beyond words.The moral primers of the Ming Dynasty can be divided into two categories.One is the teaching materials used to educate children in schools.Most of these teaching materials are popular books adapted from Zhu Xi’s "xiao xue’,which are called "xiao xue like" primers primers;One is the moral primers written by intellectuals in the Ming Dynasty and popular among the people.Because the officials of the Ming Dynasty attached importance to moral education,they tried to turn the people into customs through education;With the development of Commerce,the order and ideas in the traditional society were impacted.Out of concern about the declining trend of the world,many intellectuals vigorously set up education and compiled primers,which led to the emergence of a large number of moral primers in the Ming Dynasty.Like the previous generation,moral education is still the focus of children’s education in the Ming Dynasty,but there are also some new changes.They pay more attention to the cultivation of children’s daily behavior habits,which is practical.In the Ming Dynasty,female education inherited the previous generation,and the main content was still the education of three obediences and four virtues.However,with the development of society,the increase of educated women and the expansion of women’s living places,female primers in the Ming Dynasty showed some new characteristics: there were many female primers,especially the development of women’s education in the court;pay attention to chastity education and filial piety education;different from the traditional voices began to appear in the female primers in the Ming Dynasty,such as the affirmation of women’s talents and abilities,and the reflection and protest against women’s unequal status.