Reserve For Emergency:research On Chao Ting Fengzhuang Qianwu And Financial Operation In The Song Dynasty

Feng Zhuang Qian Wu(Store money and goods for urgent needs)of Song Dynasty was formed on the basis of inheriting the Feng Zhuang system at the beginning of the Song Dynasty and was formed to reserve money and goods independently of the emperor’s treasury and government expenditures.It was established by Song Shenzong in order to reverse financial difficulties,manage Wang Anshi’s new law to increase income,and achieve a prosperous country and a strong army.The new financial management system,Chao Ting financial system(Reserve financial system controlled by the chancellor),was formed from the central to the local..The system includes Chao Ting treasuries such as Yuanfeng,Yuanyou and Daguan in the central part of the Northern Song Dynasty,and Fangchang and other money in Fengzhu County,as well as the central treasury of Zuo Cang Nan Treasury and Zuo Cang Feng Zhuang Treasury in the Southern Song Dynasty and Feng Chu Granary and Zhuang Guan Mi that store grain.In terms of sources of Feng Zhuang Qian Wu,there are three main sources in the Northern Song Dynasty: the increase in income from the new law such as Mianyi money,the savings from government spending,and the income from the monopoly of tea and salt,among which the increase in income from the new law is the main source.In the Southern Song Dynasty,there were four sources: Quehuowu’s monopoly income such as tea salt;government expenditure surplus;the renting and selling of official fields,and other income such as sale Dudie(A monk’s certificate),among which the main source of profit was the Quehuowu’s monopoly income.In terms of the expenditure of Feng Zhuang Qian Wu,the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty were mainly used for military expenditure,supplying the royal family,disaster relief,borrow or pay for government expenditures and other expenditures,and the supply of military supplies was the most important expenditure item.However,there are obvious differences in supplying the royal family and disaster relief.In the Northern Song Dynasty,the frequency of these two expenditures was low and the amount of money and goods was small,while the amount of money and goods was very frequent and large in the Southern Song Dynasty.In order to better manage and protect the central government’s control over Feng Zhuang Qian Wu,the Song Dynasty central government formulated a detailed and strict supervision system,which involved the collection,storage,expenditure,transportation,account building,declaration,inspection and many other aspects of Feng Zhuang Qian Wu.Among them,the transmission of materials is closely related to the operation of border defense reserves.The management of frontier reserves in Xining and Yuanfeng periods is not only a reflection of Shenzong’s strategic intentions,but also a concentrated expression of the origin and circulation of Feng Zhuang Qian Wu in the frontier areas.During this period,toperation of Hebei Road Frontier Defense Reserve was divided into two stages before and after the second year of Yuanfeng.In the early stage,the materials obtained by the new law host institutions such as Sinong Si and Shiyisi were handed over to Sinong Si,Dibinasi and other institutions for buy grain,and then handed over to the appeasement envoy Feng Zhuang in Damingfu,Dingzhou,Chanzhou and other places.Later,it was under unified management by Dibinasi,and granaries were established in Yingzhou,Dingzhou and Damingfu to store grain.Shaanxi and Xihe road frontier defense materials mainly come from the input of materials from Chuanxia and the input of money and materials from the central and Hedong Xiezhou salt sales offices.The frontier reserve of Hedong Road was the first to be operated,and the grain storage was mainly purchased by Sinong Si.The appearance of Feng Zhuang Qian Wu profoundly affected the financial operation of the Song Dynasty.The increase in Chao Ting Qian Wu’s levy has created a financial crisis for local state capitals.Zheboqian is not only an important miscellaneous tax in the Southern Song Dynasty,but also the main source of Chao Ting treasury—Feng Zhuang Shang treasury.It can be seen from the Zheboqian collections in Qing’yuan and Lin’an that both places are converted to Zheboqian at the conversion ratio and price stipulated by the 16 th and 17 th year of Shaoxing,and maintained until Baoqing and even the end of the Southern Song Dynasty.After Qiandao,Zheboqian of Summer Land taxes,Zheboqian of Huainan Road Military clothing,did not increase with the increase in the amount of Hemai,and presented the characteristic of "fixed",while Zheboqian of Hemai continued to increase with the increase in the amount of Hemai.These changes are the epitome of Chao Ting Qian Wu’s levy in the Southern Song Dynasty.The increase in the central government’s expropriation of local governments has exacerbated the difficulties of local finance.The predicament faced by Qing’yuan Mansion in the late Song Dynasty is an example.After Wu Qian took office,he increased the local financial endowment by rectifying the government’s commodity monopoly system and re-levying sand bank money,and by seizing the right to supply military supplies through the judgment,it will concentrate local financial power and ensure the supply of military supplies.In the short term,Wu Qian’s governance solved the financial difficulties,ensured the supply of military supplies,and filled some of the shortages of the navy,but at the same time,it also exposed the influence of the court parties in the late Southern Song Dynasty to local prefectures and counties,and the short time for policy effectiveness.But Zhuang Guan Mi generally appeared and used for disaster relief after the early years of Qiandao when Feng Chu Granary was established and grains were abundant.Zhuang Guan Mi generally chooses places that can not only meet the needs of military supply,but also have convenient water transportation along the rivers and "the danger of overlapping mountains and lakes".Its spatial distribution is deeply influenced by the political and geographical pattern of the Southern Song Dynasty,and it is concentrated in the prefectures along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the four prefectures outside the Jianmen Pass in Sichuan.This spatial distribution leads to different sources and methods of grains relief in different places.Zhuang Guan Mi is widely distributed,has large reserves and is frequently used for disaster relief.It plays an important role in maintaining social stability in the Southern Song Dynasty.However,the management principles such as the high price of rice for relief,"recycling rice" and "not less than the original quantity" restrict the actual effect of disaster relief.Chao Ting treasury in the Southern Song Dynasty is closely related to the issuance of Dongnanhuizi.The treasury stores reserves and undertakes the functions of storing real currency,destroying damaged and old Huizi,and storing some new Huizi.The Central Song Dynasty put Huizi into circulation in the following ways: as the capital for purchasing grains,as a reward for military supplies,official salaries,and disaster relief.Among them,Chao Ting treasury pays Huizi as the capital for grain purchases is the main route.The Central Song Dynasty used taxation and merchants to pay in Quhuowu,which is part of the Chao Ting financial system,to return Huizi in circulation to the government.When the price of Huizi was low,Song Ting used Cheng Ti to increase the price of Huizi.It can be seen from the three Cheng Tis that a large part of the money used by Cheng Ti comes from Chao Ting treasury.It can be said that the central reserve treasury such as Zuo Cang Nan and Zuo Cang Feng Zhuang in the Southern Song Dynasty runs through the issuance and circulation of Huizi and the various processes of Cheng Ti,and plays an important role in the issuance and circulation of Dongnanhuizi.In the Song Dynasty with constant border troubles and frequent natural disasters,Feng Zhuang Qian Wu had its rationality and necessity.Feng Zhuang Qian Wu is frequently used for deputy military needs,disaster relief,subsidies for government expenditures and other expenditures,and plays the role of financial reserves.This delayed the inertial rise of fiscal expenditures in the Song Dynasty,and played an irreplaceable role in maintaining social stability and prolonging the life of the Song Dynasty.