| Based on 31 hours of conversational data,this paper investigates the collaborative construction(hereafter ‘co-construction’)on the single-sentence level in Chinese naturally-occurring conversations.It aims to find out the performance of different syntactic structures in the process of co-construction,and exploring the differences in the projectability of different structural relations and grammatical features.At the same time,it examines the relationship between the collaborative construction of Chinese single-sentence level and other discourse phenomena,and probes into the interactive intention behind these discourse manifestations.In addition,this paper also investigates the prosody and multimodal resources in collaborative construction of Chinese,and discusses the integration principal of multimodal resources.The full text consists of nine chapters,the basic contents are as follows:Chapter one introduces the theoretical basis of this paper,including conversational analysis and interactional linguistics,and gives a preliminary introduction to the concepts and terms involved in this paper.At the same time,the concept of collaborative construction is introduced,and the results of the researches on syntactic co-construction in different languages are reviewed from the perspectives of syntactic structure,interactive function,sequence feature and prosodic feature.Finally,it points out the problems in the current research on collaborative construction in Chinese,that is,the research object is Chinese,especially the researches on the single-level sentence collaborative construction in Chinese naturally-occurring conversation are not rich enough.From Chapter two to Chapter five,this paper observes the phenomenon of collaborative construction in each syntactic structure.Chapter two investigates the collaborative construction of subject-predicate structure.This paper distinguishes the collaborative construction of general predicates,the collaborative construction of predicates with the copula structure and the collaborative construction of predicates with the verb-sequence construction.In the case of co-construction of general predicates,this paper further distinguishes two kinds of subject,and classify collaborative construction according to different sentence relations and syntactic levels.It is found that the collaborative construction of independent clauses of equal relationship also relies on conjunctions and explanation marker to help other speakers identify the current topic.The independent clauses of the primary and secondary relation need to rely on the speaker’s speech turn design.The dependent clauses of the primary and secondary relationships rely on list marker to help other speakers identify current topic.The embedded clause of subordination can serve as object and predicate.Moreover,the embedded clause also involves the question of whether the clause is integrated or not when serving as the object of verbs of different control degree.This paper discusses the cooperation of different forms of subjects.In addition to verbs and predicate demonstrative pronouns,this paper finds that action reference forms and conditional clauses can be recognized as conversation topics in naturally-occurring conversation.In the co-construction of the copula construction,this paper distinguishes two cases in which the copula appears in the preliminary component or the subsequent component.It is found that the speaker used the structure more often to further explain the property of the thing than to judge the thing.This shows that the clarification and annotation of the relationship between things have high requirements in naturally-occurring conversation,and speakers need to connect different conceptual contents to achieve mutual understanding with other speakers.In the case of co-construction in which the verb-sequence construction serves as the predicate,this paper distinguishes the case of co-construction in which the verb is combined with that in which the preceding item is ‘V zhe’.In addition,from the syntactic function of the verb,it is found that the fundamental of its cooperation is the pragmatic relationship of ‘topic-comment’.In addition,the collaborative construction of subject-predicate structure shows that the prominent pragmatic framework of ‘topic-comment’ also has psychological reality,so it is possible to form the syntactic collaborative construction between speakers.Chapter three investigates the cooperative construction of verb-object construction and distinguishes two kinds of object.It is found that from the form of co-construction object produced by the speaker,and most of object are nonreferential.In addition,speakers also use reference based on reference attributes in collaborative construction to produce different nominal forms.Moreover,the form of ‘X shuo’ can also project a subsequent object clause,which is related to the usage of the quasi-standard sentence of "shuo".Besides,this paper also discusses the relationship between the form of co-construction object produced by the speaker and the function of the collaborative construction.It is found that the higher the epistemic status of the speaker,the stronger the initiative,which is manifested in the form of co-construction the afterpart.At the same time,the output of irrealis sentence can adjust the epistemic status between speakers.Moreover,speaker copy of the preliminary component part and co-construction can reflect a higher agency.Chapter four investigates the phenomenon of collaborative construction in modifier-head construction.It is found that quantity phrases are more prominent as attributive of co-construction antecedents,and from the perspective of form,there must be numerals,and the form of numerals is ‘yi’.On the other hand,adverbs act as joint adverbials more prominently,and within the adverb,adverbs of degree show considerable projective force.Secondly,from the functional point of view,modality words and adverbs are similar,and from the relationship between modality words and the subsequent VP itself,it still reflects the grammatical relationship of ‘modifying-modified’.Therefore,the structure of ‘modality words +VP’ should be regarded as one of the modifier-head construction in the form.Chapter five investigates the phenomenon of collaborative construction in constructions which contain expression with component marking categorized grammatical formats.It is found that the feature words which can embody syntactic-semantic categories show considerable projective force in naturally-occurring conversation.At the same time,it is also proposed that the structural particles "de" and "di" can mark the grammatical structure and show considerable projective force.Chapter six discusses the typical performance of conversation topics.It argues that speakers are able to recognize topic in the conversation.Based on that,the paper discusses the typical performance of topic in Mandarin conversation.On the basis of the performance of main topic and partial topic,this paper distinguishes three topic progression patterns,including chain progression pattern,layer progression pattern and frame progression pattern.In addition,speakers use different linguistic sources to recognize topic in different patterns.Finally,this paper also discusses if the time word occurring at the beginning of a sentence should be analyzed as a subject or adverbial.Chapter seven discusses the relationship between syntactic collaborative construction and other interactional discourse phenomenon.On co-construction and overlap,namely overlapping type co-construction,collaborative construction and repair,the delayed output of co-construction and the subsequent discourse performance of co-construction were investigated.It is found that overlapping collaborative construction with high frequency is more dependent on forms that can embody syntactic-semantic categories.On the other hand,overlapping collaborative construction can be manifested as four functions: solving output problems,providing possible understanding,jointly constructing behaviors and independently expressing positions.In different interactive functions,different syntactic structures have different projective properties,which is fundamentally the difference of syntactic structure function itself.At the same time,some discourse forms used for annotation,expression of understanding and evaluation,expression of contrast relations can predict the occurrence of overlapping collaborative construction.The phenomenon of other repair and delayed output in cooperative construction shows that syntactic structure is the foundation of cooperative construction and syntactic structure has psychological reality.In the follow-up discourse performance of collaborative construction,the speaker has positive feedback and negative feedback occurring in the third position.In addition,there are also secondary co-construction and multiple adjacent co-construction,and these manifestations of cooperative co-construction illustrate the syntactic structure and the projectability of TCU.Chapter eight makes a preliminary investigation on the prosody and body movement resources in cooperative construction.It is found that the sharp weakening of pitch,the downward dip of pitch,the delay and the appearance of pause all project that the speaker’s current turn may end,thus forming the interactive turn place.In terms of physical movement,the change of gaze direction and the leaning back of the body can indicate the process of the speaker’s word searching,and other speakers can intervene in the output of others’ discourse at this time to repair.In addition,gestures can appear before specific forms of speech are produced to project subsequent forms of speech,and other speakers can also joint produce according to such projections.Finally,hand movements can also predict the syntactic structure of discourse.Chapter nine summarizes the views of this paper and offers prospects for future research,which can continue to discuss the correlation between different projection mechanisms. |
PDF Full Text Request