A Study On The Development Of History Writing Of Qing Dynasty In The United States:1980-2020

This paper focuses on the issue of "the writing trend of the history of the Qing Dynasty in American academic circles from 1980 to 2020",centering on the research results of the history of the Qing Dynasty in the past 40 years in the United States,based on the perspective of the history of new culture,the history of knowledge society and the history of historical acceptance,through the historical dialogue between “ego-alter ego-the inner self”,and tries to examine the mirror image,dismantle the barriers and analyze the paradigm of the research field of the history of the Qing Dynasty in the United States under the influence of the new cultural history.This study focuses on the core proposition of American Qing history writing.Based on the in-depth study of the text,it first explores the paradigm shift of American Qing history research and analyzes it from three dimensions: First,the internal logic of academic paradigm shift in American historians.On the basis of clarifying the historical history of the rise of the mainstream paradigm of American China history research from Fei Zhengqing’s "shock-response" theory to Cowen’s "China-centered view",we need to grasp the special background of its development and further explore the internal logic of the development of American historical research from the paradigm shift of "China’s historical writing".The second is to clarify the theoretical basis of the paradigm shift of American historical research.From the four orientations of "Orientalism" theory,post-colonial research orientation,"saving history from nation-state" and "imaginary community" in the post-modernism trend,this paper systematizes the theoretical sources of the paradigm shift of American Qing history research.The third is to analyze the orientation of paradigm shift in the study of American Qing history.This paper mainly analyzes the new trend of American Qing history writing in the past 40 years from three aspects: the pluralistic understanding of the state and social structure in Qing Dynasty,the cultural narrative of characters and spiritual world in Qing Dynasty,and the cultural construction of politics and ethnic identity in Qing Dynasty.On the premise of clarifying the paradigm shift of American Qing history research,this study first discusses the "multiple understanding of the state and social structure in Qing dynasty" in American Qing history research,focusing on how American Qing historians reflect on the traditional research paradigm under the influence of new cultural history and express their views on historical research orientation with their own historical position theory and methodology.Firstly,from the three dimensions of the expression of civil justice in Qing Dynasty,the practice of civil justice in Qing Dynasty and the "middle zone" between the state and society,this paper expounds that the deviation from "expression and practice" has extended to a new understanding of the relationship between the state and society from the perspective of new cultural history;Secondly,this paper discusses the new understanding of American historians on the construction of academic,political and national legitimacy in Qing Dynasty from three aspects: the shaping of academic and local society,the internal logic of academic transformation and social and cultural expression,and the methodology of linking the history of thought and social history in historical research.Finally,observing the post-war reconstruction process of social order in Qing Dynasty from an individual perspective,it focuses on showing the criticism of nationalism narrative by American history scholars under the influence of postmodernism,and paying attention to the mass memory in the war,and paying attention to how the author reflects the different impressions of different individuals on the country and society in Qing Dynasty by analyzing the tension between the state-led expression and the social expression of the people and the mass collective memory in the process of social order reconstruction in Qing Dynasty,and then presents a new understanding of the country and society in Qing Dynasty by American history scholars from an individual perspective.Subsequently,this study discusses the "micro-narrative of the history of Qing Dynasty characters and their mentality" in the study of American Qing history,focusing on three issues:first,focusing on the concern of the survival state of the flag-bearer group in the study of American Qing history,and then interpreting the collective memory of the flag-bearer in the Qing dynasty,mainly grasping the cultural orientation characteristics of the characters and minds in the study of American Qing history from three aspects: the position of the Eight Banners and the landscape of the dynasty,the life and identity of the flag-bearer stationed in the garrison,the cultural activities of the flag-bearer stationed in the garrison and the rise and fall of national politics;Second,pay attention to Yangzhou culture and the spiritual world of Yangzhou scholars in the early Qing Dynasty,and the cultural narrative of social order recovery after dynasty change in the early Qing Dynasty,and grasp the narrative characteristics of the spiritual world in the study of American Qing history from three aspects:the memory of soldiers and symbols of Yangzhou culture in the early Qing Dynasty,the group of Yangzhou scholars and the reconstruction of Yangzhou culture,and the cultural character and spiritual world of Yangzhou in the early Qing Dynasty.The third is to pay attention to the etiquette dispute caused by Magalny’s visit to China during the Qianlong period,and present a new understanding of the political culture of the Qing Dynasty in the American history circle.Through the author’s cultural deconstruction of tribute,the image expression of "empire",Emperor Qianlong’s view of world order and the criticism of the writing of diplomatic events under the construction of western discourse,this paper discusses how the overall perception of the history of the Qing Dynasty in the United States jumped out of the western centralism,and then re-examines the rationality of the state and political expression of the Qing Dynasty,thus dialysis the new changes in the field of American Qing history research.Then,this study explores the "cultural construction of politics and ethnic identity in the Qing Dynasty" in the study of American Qing history,that is,how American Qing history scholars transcend the western-centered theory,jump out of the mold of modern narrative transformation,and re-establish the process of examining the historical perspective of the Qing Dynasty.Around the main line of this issue,this paper responds from three angles: First,understand the ethnic politics in Qing Dynasty from the court culture.Pay attention to how court etiquette is transformed into material culture for expression,transcend the perspective of dual structure analysis with multiple identities,and explore the development orientation of social history research under the influence of new cultural history from three aspects.Second,the relationship between Manchu and Han and the construction of ethnic politics in Qing Dynasty.In view of the realistic pattern of ethnic relations and identity,this paper focuses on the concern and construction of ethnic identity in American Qing history circles from three aspects: the construction and reconstruction of ethnic identity,the relationship between the flag people and the writing of Manchu-Chinese border areas,and the ethnic identity and political change of the flag people.The third is to construct the national character of Qing Dynasty from the war culture of Qing Dynasty.This paper analyzes the expression strategies of misinterpretation and discourse construction of concepts such as empire,ethnic group and conquest in the study of American Qing history,sums up its cultural construction in Manchu ruling orthodoxy,Manchu political characteristics and metaphor of national politics,and then presents the special concern of American Qing history research on ethnic politics in Qing dynasty.Finally,based on the understanding and grasp of "multiple understanding of the state and social structure in the Qing Dynasty","micro-narrative of the history of figures and their mentality in the Qing Dynasty" and "cultural construction of politics and ethnic identity in the Qing Dynasty",this paper reflects on the writing trend of American Qing history.On the one hand,under the background of cultural turn,the study of American Qing history appeared in the field of national and social studies in the Qing Dynasty,such as the microscopic research perspective,the fragmentation of research topics,and the semantic imagination in research methods.On the level of historical philosophy and historical ontology,this paper mainly discusses the problems existing in the study of American Qing history in the field of characters and spiritual world in Qing Dynasty,such as the disqualification of subjective construction,the barrier of subjective dimension,the bias of objective understanding,the theoretical orientation of pan-culturalism and historical nihilism.On the other hand,it criticizes and reflects on the study of “New Qing History” in the United States,criticizes the historical nihilism errors of “New Qing History” from two aspects of academic origin and academic theme,and emphatically summarizes and reflects on the characteristics of the study of “New Qing History” in the United States from the perspective of "cultural determinism",and puts forward the criticism of the obvious political intention of “New Qing History” in the research field of national and ethnic identity.