Research On The Financial Issues Of Mongolian Banners In Jirim League In Late Qing Dynasty

Under the rule of Qing Dynasty,Mongolian Banner had the dual identity of regional administrative unit and feudal territory.Mongolian Banner has relatively independent political and economic rights.Mongolian Banner maintained a relatively independent financial system with feudal obligations.Although it received financial subsidies from the Qing Court,it did not undertake financial obligations.After the middle of Qing Dynasty,the financial model of Mongolian Banner changed in different degrees under the influence of social changes in Inner Mongolia.In the late Qing Dynasty,the finance and its changes of the banners of the Jirim League are undoubtedly a typical content of the social changes of Mongolian Banner.Since the late Qianlong period,the Left Qorcin banners and the Gorlos South Banner of the Jirim League began to appear the immigration reclamation.Considering the rule and the people’s peace,the Qing Court recognized the leasehold right of Mongolian Banner and regulated the land relations in reclaimed areas.Under the consideration of top-down social governance,the rent collection system centered on the land bureau was established and improved in the reclamation banners of Jirim League.These Mongolian Banners financial revenue center,gradually transferred to land income.On the other hand,the Mongolian Banners,which were reclaimed later in the Jirim League,did not experience the financial changes brought by such early reclamation.But in the late Qing Dynasty,under the strong promotion of land reclamation by the New Deal,the land was quickly reclaimed and the land income was distributed in a certain proportion.This undoubtedly had a great impact on the finance of Mongolian Banner.On the one hand,due to various problems hidden in the official reclamation,as well as the land income and distribution of Mongolia Banner,directly related to the nation finance,resulting in the income of Mongolia Banner limited;On the other hand,it made the nomadic land shrink in a large area,so as to significantly affect the graziery,resulting in the original financial model within the banner cannot be sustained.At the end of Qing Dynasty,Mongolian Banner was in serious financial crisis.The financial crisis,in turn,had led to major events.Based on the previous research results,this paper makes use of the relevant archives of the First Historical Archives of China and Liaoning Provincial Archives,as well as other documents and historical materials.Firstly,it discusses the financial situation of Mongolian Banners reclaimed in nomadic production before immigration reclamation,and then discusses the financial changes of Mongolian Banners reclaimed in the early of Jirim League before and after reclamation.Finally,it analyzes the financial problems of each banner in Jirim League during the official reclamation period of the late Qing Dynasty and investigates the impact of financial problems.This paper consists of preface,text and conclusion.The preface mainly discusses the significance of the topic,research overview and basic historical data.The paper is divided into four chapters.The first chapter,firstly defined the concept of Mongolian Banner finance from the perspective of Mongolian social structure,at the same time,the influence of regional economy and national policy on Mongolian Banner finance is discussed.The second chapter focuses on the early reclamation of the South Gorlos Banner and the three Banners of Left Qorcin,discusses the early reclamation of Mongolian Banner and the changes and challenges it brought to Mongolian Banner’s financial administration,and focuses on the role played by the Qing Court.The third chapter focuses on the official reclamation,discusses the process of the official reclamation of Mongolian banners such as Jalaid Banner,Three Banners of Right Qorqin,North Banner of Gorlos and D(?)rbed Banner and its influence on the finance of these banners.The fourth chapter based on the above,discusses the other influences of the New Deal on the banners in the late Qing Dynasty,the different financial situations of the banners and the investment of the banners in the modern undertakings in the New Deal.Finally,the financial factors in some historical events are analyzed.The conclusion makes a basic summary of each chapter.