Analytical Applications Of Chemiluminescence To Pharmaceutical Analysis

Chemiluminescence analysis, based on the emission during some chemical reactions, is a technique for the determination of trace species. Due to its high sensitivity, simplicity and relatively low cost, chemiluminescence analysis has been widely used in biological engineering, molecular biologic, medicine, environmental chemistry.The thesis consists of two parts. The first one is a brief review dealing with the development of chemiluminescence since 1998. The other is research reports.This paper deals with the following four systems as examples to investigate the application of CL analysis in Pharmaceuticals. 1) Chemiluminescence of some phenothiazines using potassium permanganate and formaldehyde system. 2) Fast determination of methylene blue by chemiluminescence based on permanganate potassium-formaldehyde system. 3) Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of vincristine sulfate by KMnCv formaldehyde - rhodamine system. 4) Determination of lobeline by chemiluminescence based on luminol- potassium ferricyanide system.1. Chemiluminescence of some phenothiazines using potassium permanganate and formaldehyde systemA new and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of phenothiazines, including, phenothiazine, promethazine hydrochloride (PH), perphenazine and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH) has been developed. The proposed method is based on the reaction of phenothiazines with potassium permanganate solution in acidic medium, and formaldehyde enhances this chemiluminesent reaction greatly. The optimum conditions for this chemiluminesent reaction were studied in detail by a flow injection system. This method allowed the measurement of phenothiazine, PH, perphenazine and CPH in the range of 0.005⁵ μg ml^-1, 0.01⁵ μg ml^-1, 0.01¹0 μg ml^-1, 0.01¹0 μg ml^-1, respectively. The detection limits of phenothiazine, PH, perphenazine and CPH are 0.001 μg ml^-1, 0.001 μg ml^-1, 0.001 μg ml^-1, 0.005 μg ml^-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D) are 3.0 %, 2.97 % 3.3 % and 2.59 % for 5×10^-7g ml^-1 (n=11) of phenothiazine, promethazine hydrochloride, perphenazine and chlorpromazine hydrochloride.The method has been applied to the determination of studied drug in injection and biological fluids with satisfactory results. On the basis of the investigation of the chemiluminescence spectra, fluorescence spectra and UV spectra of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in acidic solution containing potassium permanganate with formaldehyde, a possible mechanism of this reaction was proposed.2. Fast Determination of Methylene Blue by Chemiluminescence Based on Permanganate Potassium-Formaldehyde SystemA fast and simple chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of methylene blue is proposed, which is based on the enhancement effect of formaldehyde on the weak emission produced by potassium permanganate oxidation on methylene blue in acidic mediumy. The optimum conditions for this chemiluminesent reaction were studied in detail by a flow injection system. Under optimum conditions, the method allowed the measurement of methylene blue in the range of 0.08 8 μg/mL with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.04 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) is 3.22 % (n=11) for 2μg/mL methylene blue. The method has been applied to the determination of methylene blue in injection and biological fluids with satisfactory results.3. Flow-injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Vincristine Sulfate by KMnO₄ -formaldehyde - Rhodamine 6G SystemA new chemiluminescence (CL) method is proposed for the determination of vincristine sulfate, which is based on the reaction of vincristine sulfate with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde solution in acidic medium, and rhodamine 6G enhances this chemiluminesent reaction greatly. In the optimum conditions, CL intensities are proportional to concentrations of the studied drug over the range 0.1¹0μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.04 μg /mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is 1.17% for 1 μg/mL vincristine sulfate (n=11). The method has been applied to the determination of injection with satisfactory results.4. Determination of Lobeline by Chemiluminescence Based on Luminol-Potassium Ferricyanide SystemA simple flow injection chemiluminescence (FICL) method has been developed for the dermination of lobeline hydrochloride. The proposed method is based on chemiluminescence reaction of potassium ferricyanide and luminol in sodium hydroxide medium and lobeline enhances this chemiluminesent reaction greatly. In the optimum conditions, CL intensities are proportional to concentrations of the studied drug over the range 0.01¹Î¼g/ mL with a detection limit of 5 ng/mL(3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) is 1.06% for 0.2μg/ mL lidocaine hydrochloride (n=11). The method has been...