The Changes Of Glutathione Antioxidant Defense System In Early Diabetic Nephropathy

IntroductionThere are about 220 million diabetic patients all over the world. The number of that is estimated to reach 123 million in the year of 2010.Diabetes mellitus has become one of the main diseases that threatens human beings. Diabetic nephropathy is a chief chronic complication of diabetes. It is reported that patients suffering from type 2 diabetic nephropathy accounts for 30% of all those in the end-stage renal disease(ESRD) in England, and about 45% in American.Despite numerous studies,the pathophysiology of diabetic renal disease is not completely understanded. A considerable body of clinical and experimental evidence now exists suggesting the involvement of free radical-mediated oxidative process in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.Free radicals are highly reactive and unstable chemical species which have been implicated in mediating vascular and tissue damage associated with several renal diseases, including glomerulonephritis,vasculitis,toxic nephropathies and acute tubular necrosis.Oxygen free radicals(OFRs) may have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.The increase in production of OFRs can result from the hyperglycemia-induced enhancement in glucose antioxidation, protein glycation and the subsequent oxidative degradation of glycated protein. Apart from increased non-enzymatic glycosylation and autoxidative glycosylation,metabolic stress resulting from changes in status of antioxidant defense systems could lead tooxidative stress in diabetes.The imbalance between OFRs production and cellular defense mechanisms could be critical in influencing tissue injury.The increase in levels of OFRs in diabetes could be due to their increased production and/or decreased destruction by non-enzymatic and enzymatic [superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and glutathione - peroxidase(GSH-Px)]antioxidants.The disturbance in these regulatory mechanisms may critically influence the susceptibility of renal tissue to oxidative stress and may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.Glutathione antioxidant system plays a fundamental role in cellular defense against reactive free radicals and other oxidant species.But it has been rarely reported and oberserved the relationship between early diabetic nephropathy and glutathione antioxidant systemslutathione (GSH),Glutathione peroxidase(GPX),Glutathione S-transferases(GST) and Lipid peroxids(LPO).In order to explore how the potential tissue injure of oxidation and lipid peroxidation in the diabetic patients is caused by the unbalance of oxidation and antioxidation and discuss what changes happen in the early diabetic renal injure, this study tries to collected data from the changes in the early diabetic nephropathy of glutathione antioxidative system and lipid peroxids in the patients of diabetes from the point of free radical biology and medicine so as to provide the evidences for examining the early diabetic renal injure in the clinic.Materials and MethodsStudy designThe independent samples control desigen was used in this research.In this design and in this studying practice the principles of random,control,replication and equilibrium,and the management factor,the experimental effect and the subjects were think over sufficiently in order to obtain a comparative objective and just research conclusion. Subejects"diagnosis criteria" and "include criteria" and "exclude criteria" were work outaccording to ^the clinical diagnosis criteria of diabetes H?criterionized by World Health Organization in 1985.A11 the patients with dipstick-negative proteinuria and diabetes mellitus(diagnosis was based on the WHO criteria) had never suffered from heart diseases,brain diseases;hypertension;primary renal diseases and the other follow renal diseases besides diabetes,and autoimmunity diseases;nor engaged in work exposing them to intoxicating materials or pesticides,nor exposed to radiation,nor drinking habits.Diabetic nephropathy were classified according toCecil textbook of medicine.Compris...