| Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) is a new and environment friendly pretreatment method. LPME integrates the sampling, extraction, and enrichment in one process and owns the merits of simple, excellent selectivity, and high enrichment. It has been applied widely in analytical chemistry, pharmacy, biochemistry, clinical medicine and environmental chemistry coupled with gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis(CE). However, the studies focus mainly the hydrophobic compounds because the high enrichment with hydrophobic compounds extraction is obtained easily. In the present paper, some drugs, especial hydrophilic drugs, in complex fluids were separated and enriched by using carrier-mediated liquid phase microextraction (CM-LPME) and dispersed liquid-phase microextraction (DLPME).The details are summarized as follows:1. The review of several sample pretreatment methods, especially liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and dispersed liquid-phase microextraction (DLPME).2. A CM-LPME-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four kinds ofβ-blockers, sotalol, bisoprolol, carteolol, and propranolol in human urine. The effects of the organic phase, the pH in the donor solution, the composition and the concentration of the acceptor phase, the stirring rate, and the extraction time on the enrichment factors of analytes were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, high enrichment factors were reached. The linear ranges were from 0.1 to 10.0 mg·L-1 for sotalol and carteolol, from 0.1 to 8.0 mg·L-1 for bisoprolol and propranolol. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.01 mg·L-1 for sotalol, carteolol and bisoprolol,0.005 mg·L-1 for propranolol. The relative standard deviations were lower than 5.9%. The method with little solvent consumption may provide high analyte pre-concentration and excellent sample clean-up, and it is a sensitive and suitable method for simultaneous determining of above four drugs in human urine.3. A CM-LPME-HPLC method was developed for the determination of sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadimidine in environmental water. The effects of the organic phase, the pH in the donor solution, the composition and the concentration of the acceptor phase, the stirring rate, and the extraction time on the enrichment factors of analytes were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, high enrichment factors were reached. The linear ranges were from 0.1 to 8.0 mg-L-1 for the three drugs. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.005 mg-L-1 for sulfadiazine and sulfadimidine,0.001 mg-L-1 for sulfamethoxazole. The relative standard deviations were lower than 7.2%. Analyse We determined the recovery of the sample by adding the standard samples, the recovery of water sample is 100.2～110.7%. he method with little solvent consumption may provide high analyte pre-concentration and excellent sample clean-up, and it is a sensitive and suitable method for simultaneous determining of above four drugs in environmental water.4. Gold nanoparticles carrier mediated (AuNPs-CM)-LPME-HPLC was developed for the simultaneous determination of procaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracainel in human urine. Relevant parameters were optimized. The organic phase was 0.79 mg/L AuNPs-TOAB-toluene, the acceptor was 0.1 mol/L HCl, the stirring speed is 600 rpm, pH in the donor phase was 11, the extraction time was 25 min. Under the optimal conditions, high enrichment factors were reached. The linear ranges were from 0.01 to 8.0 mg·L-1 for the four drugs. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.005 mg·L-1 for lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracainel,0.0001 mg·L-1 for procaine. The relative standard deviations were lower than 6.0%. We determined the recovery of the sample by adding the standard samples, the recovery of water sample is 99.1～110.7%. The results indicate that AuNPs-CM-LPME-HPLC can be successfully applied to the separation and enrichment of procaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracainel.5. DLPME-HPLC was developed for the simultaneous determination of five kinds ofβ-blockers, sotalol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, carteolol, and propranolol in environmental water. The kind of the organic solvent, the concentration of carrier in the organic phase, pH in the donor phase, the composition of the acceptor solution, the DLPME time, the stirring rate and the back-extraction time were optimized. The organic phase was 0.01 mol/L TOAB-toluene, the acceptor was 0.1 mol/L HCl, the stirring speed in DLPME is 1700 rpm, pH in the donor phase was 13.7, the stirring speed in LLLME is 800 rpm, the DLPME time was 30 s, the extraction time was 15 min. Under the optimal conditions, high enrichment factors were reached. The linear ranges were from 0.01 to 10.0 mg·L-1 for sotalol and carteolol,0.005-8.0 mg/L for metoprolol,0.01-8.0 mg/L for bisoprolol and propranolol. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.001 mg-L-1 for bisoprolol, and 0.005 mg·L-1 for the other four drugs. We determined the recovery of the sample by adding the standard samples, the recovery of water sample is 94.5～107.3%. The method was proved to be a fast and efficient extraction method, which can be applied to simultaneous determine sotalol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, carteolol, and propranolol in tap water and four environmental waters. |
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