The Study On The Early Health Enterprise In Nanjing National Government

China has a glorious history of five thousand years, and is also full of frustration. Modern China had so many disasters which happened rarely in the rest of the world. Almost every year and lots of places were damaged by disasers, in addition to the invasion powers, political corruption, social unrest and messy cities. Various disasers were intricate with each other which caused plagues to happen frequently. The wild spread of plague triggered serious social crises: the death of lots of people, social-economic decline, environmental pollution, disorderly social system and so on. All of these forced the government to pay attention to medical and health care.After the Opium War, China was forced to open up the process of modernization. With the signing of a series of unequal treaties, western medicine as a "maid of religion" also started landing on China on a large scale. Western medicine entered Chinese market with accurate technique generally, which brought the collision between western medicine which possessed different culture and traditional Chinese medicine. Influenced by the western medicine, the independent existence of traditional Chinese medicine began to vacillate generally. Modern western medicine experienced a taboo - contact - trial - comparison– convinced which was a very complex procedure in the development of China. This was also a process of Chinese modern medical and health care which started from scratch, the initial development and finally formed a system.With the further development of western medicine in China, it started to get rid of religious bound and became an independent science and return to native. During the New Deal in late Qing dynasty, the government began to be concerned with modern medical and health care. Since the Republic of China, politic's strange transformation, rolling undercurrent, social perilous, in this abnormal society, government was tied up medical and health, so the effect was minimal. Until the establishment of the Nanking Government, the unity of nation and the huge state apparatus began to be operated slowly, the Government began to actively develop medical and health undertakings.Medical and health service, as an indispensable component of the metabolic process of the Chinese society,was an important cause of the people's livelihood. It was not only concerned about the individual disease and mortality, but also affected the strength of the whole nation. Modern China had seen perenial plagues, low-level medical and health care, weak people, high mortality, which was especially true with rural areas whose situations were quite more terrible. Chinese people was once satirically called by the Western powers a "sick man of Asia" due to its poor physical conditions, high disease rates and high mortality. Facing such vulnerable public health conditions, Nanjing National Government had to take measures and improve its public health service so as to continue ruling over China.Since the Nanjing National Government came into existence in April, 1927, paid attention to medical and health'construction firstly. The Nanjing National Government was positively in establishing combinative central and municipal for the sanitation administrative institutions. It established Sanitation Ministry, Central Sanitation facility lab, Central epidemic prevention ministry, State sea port inspection organ, Central sanitation lab, Northwestern epidemic institution, Mengyi epidemic prevention institution, Central hospital, Medical education committee, supportive Childbirth education committee and nurse education committee and so on successively. From the aspect of municipal sanitation administration, we worked up provincial sanitation ministry, city owned sanitation bureau, country owned sanitation clinic such kind of third class administrative supervisory department. The establishment of combinative Central and municipal sanitation administrative institutions symbolized the elementary form of health care sanitation administrative system.Once modern medical and health administration system effectively combined with country system, it would play a dominant role during medical and health innovation process. Under the guidance of all levels of medical and health administration, the medical and health construction would get a rapid development. In terms of medical and health construction, the first was medical organization's instauration. In our country there should have been province hospitals, municipal hospital and lazarettos, and each town should have established health centers or community hospital. All of these would intensify all medical organizations'strength which played a main role. Secondly, based on laws and rules approved by government, we should ban old type midwife, and adopted examination evaluation and medical personnel register, which ensured medical personnel management. Thirdly, for medical organizations there should be register, statistic, investigation and hospital inner-system establishment, all of which strengthened medical organization management, changed the style of their own, and none-subordinate situation. Fourthly, according to the feedback from medicine market, we should adopt these measurements such as banning lawless current medicine and striked lawless medicine manufacturers. Thus there would be a very good effect.The number of professionals who practiced medical and health care was the barometer of the level of medical development, and also the determinant of the effectiveness of the medical and health policies. Therefore, the key point to carry out the medical work was to develop medical education and trained the medical and health staff. In medical education, first of all, through the establishment of administrative institutions of medical education, and the promulgation of laws and regulations of medical education, the modern medical education system was established; Secondly, quite a lot of universities and colleges for medicine and health care have been set up. After over one decade of efforts, the medical schools, either state-owned or private, were all developing quickly and have trained a large number of professionals. Thirdly, providing training for doctors, nurses, midwives, and other public medical and health staff and equipping them with expertise have became a useful complement to the systematical education in universities and colleges. And lastly, the national medical education system has been gradually refined through school education and nonschool education under the guidance of different tier health education administrations.To improve the overall quality of the citizens, the Nanjing National Government promoted the medical and health undertakings, trying various means, like, practicing sanitation around neighborhoods, schools, and workplaces, and calling for women and children's awareness of health. To begin with, Kuomintang government developed a relatively complete managing system of the environment and public health by enacting laws and regulations, imposing reform measures and strengthening the management. Secondly, a top-down, everyone-involved school health system was created by founding school health institutions at all levels to provide students with health examination, prevention of disease, diagnosis and treatment, knowledge of sanitation, and health education, etc. Thirdly, health protection for infants and women was afforded under the administrative guidance of the Maternity Department according to relevant laws. Conducted by the Kuomintang central government, all provinces and municipalities carried out maternal and child health campaign, and exerted certain effects. And lastly, work of labor health made great progress than ever before with the Industrial Hygiene Department as the supervision authorities and the guarantee of laws and regulations for labor health.The Nanjing National Government built up the medical and health cause since 1927 at the initial fund of its power, which was generally developed forwardly and had achieved considerable achievement before the overall outbreak of civil war. In the first place, the construction of modern national medical system stimulated the medical causes to develop forwardly and meant a lot in the historical level. Secondly, the medical operation mechanism based on the combination of prevention and treatment spur on the national plague prevention developed into the sound track of modernization. Thirdly, the destructive and influential plagues had been under control, the death rate of the average population lowered and the health of urban and rural residents had been guaranteed. In the early period of Nanjing National Government, a series of flaws and defects had been embodied in the process of medical development due to all kinds of restricted factors. The instability and lack of sound development was still quite common in the medical administrative management, the medical and hygiene resources were remain insufficient. Randomly toward western medical treatment, negligence of the traditional Chinese medical treatment and the imbalanced development between urban and rural medical hampered the whole medical cause's development process, the medical and hygiene development level of China was still left behind. Paying a reference to history is the best endowment which we can study and carry forward. What we can figure out through investigation through the history of the development of medical cause during the Nanjing National Government period is: medical and hygiene has a close relationship with people's livehood and its development condition directly influences the social stability and the progress of a country. Medical and hygiene is a very complex systematic project, the government has to undertake the responsibilities of medicine and hygiene development in ways like the combination of western and Chinese traditional medicine, coordinative development and leverage development between urban and rural areas . In a word, all the practices and lessons can provide reference for the current reform of modern medical care system in our country.