| Error processing is an important component of cognitive control and behavior monitoring, which includes error detection and correction of errors timely. People want to successfully complete the desired objectives, it must continue to monitor the ongoing behavior, deciding whether the current action meet the objectives and requirements. Only the results of actions to be monitored, that the mistakes can be detected in time, the adaptive changes can be produced. Large studies had found that the error processing mechanism of human dose exist. There is the warning after detection of the errors, preventing the recurrence of similar mistakes. Previous studies showed that the error detection process may be related to the expectations, error consciousness, the rectification the emotional motivation and behavior.In summary, the error processing theories contain:1) reinforcement learning theory; the basal ganglia to assess and forecast current events or behavioral responses, predicting the behavior of current events or deciding whether the responses meet the expected standard (responses are correct or wrong); 2) error detection theory:There is the mismatch between error behavior and correct behavior in the moment. This mismatch signal is send to the error compensation mechanism (error compensation mechanism is the inhibition and correction of the error). When ACC is receiving an error signal, it generates the motivation to make up the error, in order to o make the correct response in the next time; 3) The conflict monitoring theory:The recognition of errors is contained within the response conflict monitoring, in the process of information processing, error processing is manifested in conflict detection. In the past, error processing focused on detection of the error itself, but error detection as their own is important too. It is similar to observational learning, people learned from other's mistakes. Therefore, the brain mechanism of observed errors is significant. Most of the research results show that the The observed errors and executed errors have the same neural mechanisms located in the ACC. The latency of observed error negativity (Observed ERN, OERN) is greater than the ERN. The OERN is similar to FRN, because the observer does not want others to go wrong. Just as they do not want to accept the negative feedback on their own behavior too. However, some studies challenged this conclusion that the observed error negativity does not depend on the error processing mechanism for ERN.This study focused on the observed error, cognitive processing in the observed errors and the factors affecting the observed errors.Studyâ… :Study whether observed error process has the same cognitive process with an executed error.Studyâ…¡:Study whether the observed error probability has the impaction on the observed error process.On the Study 1, the pretended subjects had to take the response selection task. The true subjects need to determine whether the pretended subjects response correct. First, the screen images were presented in 4 categories, and then present the key pressing picture. The subjects had learned the rules need to determine the basis of false keys to be correct. The observed error rate is 50%.Findings:Subjects in the detection of false error within 200-300 ms after the button, right under the observation errors and the volatility observed no difference. The researchers believe that the implementation of observation errors and errors with different neural processing mechanisms. Because the observed error in the N2 does not have the function of regulating other wrongdoing. Moreover, the observed results were presented to the behavior, subjects do not exist on the expected observations. In the observed 300-400 ms after the judge, the observed error rate observed under the right conditions, induce a greater positive offset potential. P300 function may be error Pe and implementation of some of the same functionality, it also reflects the false consciousness, but not the function of regulating behavior.The results support the detection of an error does not depend on observation of the error processing mechanism for the formation of ERN proved wrong with the implementation of the error observed with different processing mechanisms. The reason is the implementation of the error in the function of ERN with behavioral adjustment, but the observation errors were tested by the observer can not change behavior. Moreover, subjects do not participate and leave the same experimental subjects, the performance of sham subjects to judge good and bad behavior has nothing to do with the observer. In the implementation of error detection and error to determine who the executor of the same subject, so there is an error associated with the judge. P300 findings support the theory of error detection of false consciousness on the Pe hypothesis, ERN and Pe is the error processing of two separate cognitive processes, reflecting the two different error detection process. We believe that the implementation of P300 function and the function of the error inStudyâ…¡, the experimental paradigm is the same to the Studyâ… . But the observed error rate is changed, error rate decreased from 80% to 50%, and finally down to 20%.Studyâ…¡found that:when the observation error probability of 50%, the experimental results of the second one the same results with the experiment, no significant negative wave observation error, observation error is larger than observed under the P300 amplitude of the P300 amplitude under the right. When the observed error probability of 80%, the observation errors than observed under the right evoked a larger N2 and P300 amplitude; when the probability of observing the error reduced to 20% of the observed error rate observed greater right under the N2 and P300 induced volatility.Studyâ…¡results support the oddball paradigm emphasizes the allocation of resources will affect the attention of N2 and P300 amplitude, and, N2 may reflect the movement inhibition. Too much attention to the error led to its decline, N2 may reflect the MMN component wave (when the observation error probability of 80%, the observed amplitude of the error is less than observed N2 under the correct amplitude.) Also, too many errors will reduce the people's false consciousness (the probability of error when the observation was 80%, the observed error is less than under the observation of P300 amplitude of the P300 amplitude under the right.) This result confirmed the observation of the probability of error will affect the people do the wrong process to others, and if errors occur too often observed, subjects need only spend a small amount of cognitive resources, but also relatively easy to determine the error behavior, time spent relatively small. At this point, the correct sense of false consciousness than they would pay more attention to others, the correct response, we hypothesized that P300 reflects the proper sense of the subjects to help consolidate the judge rules. This means that people judge others to act, not purely to determine the basis of right and wrong, they will be observed by the behavior of background.Based on the above, this study supports the observation errors and execution errors with different error processing mechanism, the error in the observed behavior regulation has nothing to do with the N2 component, with hopes of a good independent of the observed behavior. However, the error in the P300 component still observed as an effective indicator of false consciousness. In addition, the probability of observing errors of observation will be tested to determine impact. Because the observed probability of error will affect the subject's attention to resource allocation and false consciousness... |
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