A Study Of The Catholic Li Tianjing During Late Ming And Early Qing

Li Tianjing (1579-1659), one of the compilers of astronomy calendar in the reign of emperor Chongzhen, was born in Wuqiao Hebei Province, at the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasty. He had close contacts and cooperation with Catholics Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao, Missionaries Johann Adam Schall von Bell and Jacques Rho. Firstly, this paper explores the effect of his family environment on him, such as the influence of his grandfather Li Yi and his father Li Rufeng. Secondly, this paper introduces his work in calendar bureau, after the recommendation of Xu Guangqi, and the contention and defense with conservatives such as Wei Wenkui, to make sure the accomplishment of. Thirdly, this paper provides the proofs of his status as a Catholic, based on the study of historical information and material. Fourthly, this paper studies the process of his surrender to King Li Zicheng, his later turning to serve emperor of Qing dynasty, and finally his demotion caused by Li Jiantai. Fifthly, this paper researches his social interaction with Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao, Fan Jingwen, Li Jiantai, Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Giacomo Rho and so on, in order to explore his social relationships. Finally, this paper describes his participation to make dozen of Europe type astronomical instruments, such as quadrant, sextant, celestial globe, sundial, telescope and so on. The study of Li Tianjing penetrated into the Chinese Catholics' enthusiasm for the Western knowledge and technology, also the importance of spreading western culture, science and technology, in the period of late Ming and early Qing dynasties.