| From 1926-1945, Chiang Kai-shek took different diplomatic principles and strategies at different stage and background: first, between 1926 and 1930, Chiang Kai-shek's Japanolatric diplomacy. At this stage, Chiang's main revolutionary goal was northern expedition, and uniting China by force. Under this principle, Chiang's strategy of "domestic calming must precede resisting foreign aggressions" had taken its form, so he sought to amicability with Japan. In the bargain of "Bi-Yuan Diplomacy" and "Tian-Zhong Diplomacy", which were most influential to China, he hoped to gain the aid from Japan through Japanolatric diplomacy, and to make a favor condition for his "northern expedition"; at the same time, in the bargain, Chiang Kai-shek, to some extent, held the principle of territory and sovereignty, thus, expressed some national consciousness. Under the principle of "diplomacy subordinating to northern expedition", he had some compromising attitude in the bargain with Japan, as, for example, in the "Jinan massacre".Second, between 1931 and 1935, Chiang Kai-shek's diplomacy with Japan was compromising. Japan took the advantage of the instability of his authority and preparing not well, and launched "Incident of Eighteenth September". For that, and under the principle of "domestic calming must precede resisting foreign aggressions", and in the fearful psychological condition, Chiang compromised with Japan, and took the policy of "non-resistance", which led to the fall of the whole North-east. A temporary diplomatic institution led by Chiang Kai-shek—Diplomatic Committee of Special Type was established for diplomatic emergency, but it still held the basic principle of "domestic calming must precede resisting foreign aggressions". So at this stage of the Seno-Japanese bargain, he failed to break away from compromise. As a result, by compromising, he signed Tanggu Convention, He-Mei Convention and Qin-Tu Convention, which menaced rights and interests in North China. China sought the support of League of Nations, who gave her merely moral support.Third, the tough diplomacy from 1935 to 1938. With the rapid expansion of Japan in North China, and with the initial success of Chiang's "domestic calming", esp. his the fifth time of "encircling and suppressing", Chiang Kai-shek began to adjust his policy, and emphasized "resisting foreign aggressions". At that time, national conflict became the main conflict of Chinese society, and Japan became the main enemy, under the influence of anti-Japanese tide, and the influence of the anti-Japanese policy of the Chinese Communist Party, Chiang Kai-shek therefore abandoned the principle of "domestic calming must precede resisting foreign aggressions", and with Japan, he resisted on one hand, bargained on the other; he sought the peace in resistance, waited for the change in the bargain, expected the change of international situation and the domestic political condition, exchanged time for space, and began to bring his theory and practice of resisting and rescuing the state, and prepared for resisting Japan positively.Fourth, between 1938 and 1945, diplomacy of the War of Resistance. With the end of "the first stage of Resistance", both China and Japan adjusted their policies. For China, Japan began to give priority to political attack, and took the military attack as assist policy; for the first time in the modern history, China managed to realize the unite of various political forces under the banner of resisting and rescuing the state based on the cooperation between Kuomingtang and the Communist Party. Chiang Kai-shek implied dictatorship as the supreme ruler of China, so he also became the commander of Seno-Japanese diplomacy, and he began to practice resisting policy on Japan. Militarily, he changed the defensive and lasting strategy of the "first stage", and turned defense to attack, advanced by attacking; diplomatically, he took the principle of using diplomacy and military simultaneously, and agile diplomatic strategy, s... |
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