The Nature Of "Original Ding" In Qing Dynasty

In the study of Ming and Qing population history, He-Bingdi exact explaines the nature of "original Ding", that is, Ding doesn't represent the population date, but only a taxation unit. His research laid the foundation for our correct understanding of demographic data from the Ming and Qing dynasties.Cao-Shiji agrees with He-Bingdi's point and carries through further study on the Ding of early Qing based on provincial data. In this course, he corrects He-Bingdi's disadvantate which based on scattered county data.There is no denying that scattered county data can't makeup valid argument, nevertheless, there is also a problem based on provincial data. For most areas, the standard of Ding's calculation is not the same, even within the same province. Therefore, study based on random county data or provincial data must take into account.This article takes Zhili and Jiangnan for example, studies the nature of "original Ding" in early Qing dynasty based on systemic county data. Throughout the study, the differences for Ding's calculation in diffenent areas are exhibited. It also reveals that the "original Ding" in most areas in Zhili and Jiangnan is constituted of different ranks and "three classes and nine ranks" converts to the lowest one. In the same time, the article further domenstrates He-bingdi's theory as well as defines the nature of "original Ding" in Zhili and Jiangnan throughout large number of statistical analysis. After that, it dissussess some relational issues.