Researches On Foreign Merchant Management In Early Days Of Qing Dynasty

The research on foreign trade of Qing Dynasty is comprehensive, but so far researches on "foreign merchant management" of the early days of Qing Dynasty have been less. There are bits of exposition focused on some specific measures elaborated, not bringing out cultural meaning of this management mechanism more profoundly. This has an impact on the academic grasp of the depth of foreign trade policies of the Qing Dynasty. In this paper, history, sociology, cultural studies, anthropology and other disciplines of management have been applied. Foreign merchant management has been selected as the point to provide a new perspective of the research on foreign trade policy of Qing Dynasty. The full text is composed of the preface, body, conclusion, references, and the body is divided into four parts.The first part of the text, based on the introduction of foreign management and foreign Interpretation of China's foreign constitute, introduces the composition of foreign merchants from the following aspects: tributary traditional trading countries, the Western countries, China's neighbor Russia, elaborated. The three kinds of countries sent envoys, businessmen, business teams to carry out foreign trade with china. These businessmen were divided into official merchants and private merchants and, in the author's view, the different natures of these businessmen's respective countries caused the differences of commercial natures of its business activities in China and thus they received the corresponding treatment. So this made foreign management of the Qing Dynasty more characteristic of time and uniqueness.The second part of the paper affirms the government's attitude in foreign trade from the whole, the customs is to accommodate foreign accepted, there is no rejection, only the strict standards of management. From the analysis of generosity and prevent both in management philosophy, direct and indirect management in management style management, Qing government's management to foreign promoted their economic action and trade activities in China and adapted themselves with the management of their business in China: Tribute to adapt traditional trade rules, and merchant and supercargoes, Russia's official government and the management of money. In the Qing Dynasty, China's economy has the absolute advantage, which determined the Qing Dynasty has diplomatic superiority when dealing with the foreign economic exchanges. However, in the late 18 th century, new changes took place in the objects, many countries who trade with China put forward new requirement, in the end, the government could not keep pace with the changing times, rigid management system become more and more rigid. Regardless of changes in the situation inside and outside the government is bent on distorting the economic law tend to rely on the implementation of measures to make foreign executive order. Management shifted to the lives of foreign companies in China, paid a courtesy issue, and his arm -- Hong merchants split The management system has become an empty shell.The third part analyzes the reasons of foreign management characteristic's formation and points out that the formulation and implementation of management measures have not been separated from its political, economic, cultural and historical traditions constraints. Foreign management of the Qing government, the effectiveness of the foreign management measures linked to the ratio of force between China and foreign countries, law firms will become stronger when China is stronger. Otherwise it would undermine the system, the loss of sovereignty. The attitude of Qing government to foreign trade activities is of tolerance, protection, the government provided the facilitation for foreign business and paid little attention about gains and losses. But as far as the trader's issue of non-commercial activities, although it is polite to foreign trader, but the characteristics of the Chinese agricultural civilization and the social structure which is based on by Chinese agricultural civilization decides the core beliefs of the foreign management. Any foreign non-commercial movement and the intention to destroy the state system were clearly punished by the government even at the price of stopping trade. Cultural factors such as centralization and the agriculture-orientated idea, patriarchal ideology are the roots of the drawbacks in foreign merchant management.The fourth part analyzes the influence of the foreign merchant management in early Qing Dynasty. Foreign management's role in promoting the development of foreign trade is worthy of recognition. The core culture of the measures of foreign merchant management—differences between Chinese and foreign cultures, as well as no national idea in traditional Chinese culture, leading to the loss of the idea of sovereignty and nation in the whole era, and this made the Qing government under the control of the powers, which it was not aware of. Decentralized management in turn made the middle and late Qing Dynasty in an extremely passive diplomacy and a serious gap between the central and border Treasury came into being. In the international sense conveyed by foreign merchant management, the diplomatic relationship between foreign merchant management and the Qing Dynasty has left a friendly tradition "making friends with neighbors", which can be used as a reference. Objectively, the development of merchants produced a breakthrough in agricultural tradition. As represented by Merchant, from the coast into the interior, Chinese businessmen are gradually emerging in the form of tangible economic strength, and gradually becoming the dominant society...