Interactive Relations Studies On Locations Of Mountains And Waters With Nanjing City Construction In Early Ming Dynasty

Nanjing was one of the most ancient capitals and ten dynasties once founded their capitals there. Around Nanjing city and its suburbs are mountains and waters. The development of Nanjing was closely related to the local mountains and waters, both of them developed themselves dependently and the development established sound foundation for the latter improvement. As goes that the prophets favor mountains, the savant favor water and the super virtue appears like water. These proverbs are all reflecting people's preference of mountains and waters. With the modernization of urban infrastructures, it's regarded as a favorable luck that one can lodge in a city which is nurtured by mountains and waters. In history cities developed relying on mountains and waters, of which Nanjing stood out as the representative, for its richness in mountains and waters. Simultaneously, Nanjing itself is a legacy originated from the town in the ancient times: Thus, the mountains, waters and the town are organically making Nanjing a complex of beauty and mystery. So far, Nanjing remains the same as before.Nanjing has born indistinguishable relations, with mountains and waters since its first taking shape. Nevertheless, Nanjing, as a complex of waters, mountains and town, can date back to early Ming Dynasty. Hence, the exploration into the correlation between its city construction and mountains and in Mountains and Waters is not only a discussion about a historic problem but also makes sense today. The present study adopts the theories and methods of historical geography initializing the interactive relations between mountains and waters with its city construction: Virtually, the study in directed at providing some enlightenment and suggestions for the cities like Nanjing.This studies is composed of 7 parts:Part One: Introduction. It mainly introduces the reasons, significance and current rational state of this thesis, clarifying the research approaches and methods.Part Two: General survey of mountains and waters in Nanjing. First, it presents the general survey of location of mountains and waters in Nanjing, including the ranges of mountains and distributions of rivers (lakes) in Nanjing. Second, the most influential in mountains and waters on city construction are particularly introduced.Part Three: locations of mountains and waters and city development prior to Ming Dynasty. The part focused on the correlations between mountains and waters and city construction of Pre-city period, Liuchao period and per-unification period. The relations between mountains and waters and the transformations of city locations are analyzed, claiming that Nanjing has transformed its locations based on a rule of from south to west and to center. And in different periods, there are different mountains and waters constraining the city development.Part Four: Nanjing's city construction, designation and its theoretical foundations in Early Ming Dynasty. This part has initially discussed the Nanjing construction when Nanjing was identified as capital. Second, it's displayed for as the city designation and separate districts of Nanjing. Additionally, the designation theoretical bases are proposed according to the mountains and waters in perspectives of Fengshui and Reality respectively. Later, the study has explicated the reasons why Nanjing was constructed in that way.Part Five: Interactive Relations between waters and City construction in Early Ming Dynasty. First, the study puts forward that waters in Nanjing have greatly contributed to the designations of Nanjing describing the sceneries like bridges, cultural facilities, workshop, markets, household, registering store and entertainment facilities etc. Secondly, the influences of city constructions and improvement of water facilities and cultivations of the water channels etc.Part Six: Interactive relations between mountains and city construction in Early Ming Dynasty. First, the influences of mountains on city constructions are presented, that is, the Nanjing walls have formed their own peculiar ways because of the mountains. Due to this, there are some sites of interests, such as temples, ritual architectures, cultural and public facilities etc. With regard to the influences of city construction on mountains, it's evidenced that the human activities like tomb building, forestation etc have changed the natural sceneries of the mountains.Part Seven: Summary, through analysis and discussions on the interactive relations between mountains and waters with city construction, the following points are proposed:(1) Before Ming dynasty, the location of Nanjing connected with the local situation of mountains and waters. At first, it was used as military defense. Jinling Military Town and Stone City were respectively built on the Yuhuatai located in the south city and Qingliang Mountain in the west city, which were both military sites. The subsequent Jianye City, whose functions were more comprehensive, enlarged the city zone, lying on the broad and plain area among Qingliang Moutain, Zhong Moutain, Xuanwu Lake, Qinhuai river and Qing river. Jiangning government of Southern Tang Dynasty moved the city to the south, building it across the Qinhuai river, around it were the Changjiang River, Xuanwu Lake, Qingliang Moutain, Zhong Moutain and Yuhuatai, which could be regarded as natural barriers. The special location had an effect on Nanjing city of the time on its direction, shape and center line. Before Ming dynasty, the effect of city development on mountains and waters were mainly on the environment, especially among the Sunwu and Nantang, when the river digged and dredged artificially changed the original water form, as a result, the present water pattern was founded then.(2) In early Ming dynasty the mountain and water pattern directly influenced the city wall's construction. In addition, the exist of mountains was the main cause of the built external city. At that time, the water brought many projects such as bridge, culture and education facilities, manufacture mill, market, registering store and entertainment facilities. The emperor palace was located in the east of the city and distributed distingushly. Clearly, the layout was affected mostly by the mountains, on which were built temples, ritual architectures, cultural and public facilities etc.(3) The influence of Nanjing construction on water was implied in the dig and dredge of river, including water gate, dam and the other water facilities. The construction also had an influence on the mountains such as the built tomb and garden on them.(4) Compared with mountains, the rive was more closely related to the city, because the city sceneries from the water were more various. Conversely, the construction of the city also influenced the water and was the leading factor. Meanwhile, there were not distinct damage and pollution to the water.