Research Into Mongolian Prohibition Policy In Qing Dynasty

With the reunification of the inner Mongolia and outer Mongolia, the Qing government had been increasingly working on the management stategies,issuing the ShenYang Commonpractice, Mongolian Law Book, Mongolian Law and so on , each one after another.All these had ensured the outcome of the Mongolian Penal code in 1741.Up until the year 1789,209 articles of law,having undergone major revisions,were in practice.In 1811, the the Bureau of revising law was set up in Li Fan Yuan(the Ministry of National Minorities).Three years had been taken to bring the Regulation of Li Fan Yuan,a collection of 713 clauses ,into completion. The Mongolian Penal code,during this period ,got supplemented and printed for publication.These pieces of legisilation,accessible only to the regions inhabitated by ethnic groups,manifested the Qing government'efforts made to administer the frontier areras.The pieces that laid restrication on the Mongolian area were referred to as Mongolian prohibition policy.The first chapter carries out the research on the connotation of prohibition,and defines the scope of Mongolia in this thesis and the core concept of prohibition policy.It also looks into the marching traces of Qing Dynasty's policy of ruling Mongolia from the exporation towards the formulation.The second chapter lays emphasis on the prohibition legislation policy issued in the Qian Long and Jia Oing periods,and distinguishes the limitation upon interior production and the limitation upon the interation between the Mongolian and the Han people. All the quotations are from the first-hand information at that time,for the purpose of presenting history as it is.Given in the third chapter is the discription of adjusting the policy in its executing process,due to the impact inflicted by historical development and social vicissitude. Research in the first three chapters is on the basis of case-study;the forth chapter,however,resorts to standardized investigation. Put forwards here is a brief intorduction towards transformation of prohitited languages and the countrymen's recollection about prohibition.This chapter ends with remarks of comprehension and evaluation about the Prohibition policy .The paper attempts to intercept a cross section (Qian Long and Jia Qing reigns)to studuy the prohibition policy. As is known to all , from the perspective of politics, Qian Long'empire dwdlt at the peak of the entire"KangXi and QianLong periods of splendor"while Jia Qing'reigning time led to"JiaQing and DaoGuang periods of recession". Juring this period,the Qing government's management over Mongolia became more and more systematic,and becase of the changes in terms of national power ,encountered adjustments subtle but profound. These adjustments not only can be founded in such legislations as the Mongolian Penal code , the Regulation of Li Fan Yuan and the Qing Dynasty administation law in both Qian Long and Jia Qing's times, but also in various aspects of the Mongolian's daily life.The uniqueness of Qing's governance lies in that it is the first time after unification that the government depends on peace-management instead of wars.The author has delved into details of these events in order to equip the readers with adequate knowledge about the changes in the policies and their influences upon Mongolia.After Qing Dynasty, the politics to acknowledge the identification of newly nation-state and cultural mobilization explain the variation of the assessment on the prohibition policy. To ignore the disturbance of such external factors as ideology and reexamination the prohibition policy from the perspective of the Doctrine of New System, we can discover that besides the political inheritance from the Ming Dynasty,the cultural identification also passed into the dynasty of Qing. Therefore it was impossible for the Qing government to equalize the inland and the Mongolia. On account of such path dependence and the reality that Mongolia did not subordinate to the Chinese politics domain historically ,the government has meticulously sought effective ways to rule Mongolia. For one thing,efforts to convert the culture of Mongolia into that of inland have been made ,for another , because the cost of system vicissitude especially the passive- pattern vicissitude is too high,therefore in governsing Mongolia it always encounter such dilemma, that is the complex between the civilization tendency and the native placeresources relatively insufficient .It might as well be concluded that the issuance of the prohibition policy was born to Mongolian's intrinsic development and the government's strategies,and born with necessity and insurmountability. In this way ,late in Qing dynasty the motivation to establish provinces(Rehe, Suiyuan, ChaHaer)was explainable ;and the distressing consequences resulting from that way of thinking also get expounded- the independence of autonomous Outer Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia return to autonomy after years of provincation juring the period of the Republic of China.From the perspective of achievements , the prohibition policy is a failure overall, despite its somewhat benificial elements at the certain time.Namely,the profitable aspects of the Prohibition policy were merely confined to contemporary time,but certainly not the permanent history.