A Study On The Historical Changes Of Tunpu In Datong Area During The Ming And Qing Dynasties

Military castle in Ming dynasty plays an important role in the research. There are military castle distributions in the south and the north ethnic minority areas. This article selects the Datong area as the research object. Datong region has always been the communication area in the Han and northern minorities, its the passageways from the Mongolian plateau to central plains. Its flat in northern area with no steep mountains, high in the north and south is low. It is very beneficial to the advantage of the northern minorities cavalry, and it become the military position of central plains defense the northern minorities. Therefore, Datong region as important strategic stronghold of Chinese dynasty in northern border, especially after the capital moving north in Ming dynasty. As a result, the government attaches great importance to the construction of Datong from the beginning to end in Ming dynasty, sets Weisuo, has a huge militaries and builts fortifications especially the construction of military castle. In Datong area, the construction of military castle mainly concentrated in two periods:one is Yongle period, the other one is Jiajing period.Early in Ming dynasty, in order to solve the problem of garrison’pay and provisions in various regions, MingTaiZu implemented Wasteland Reclamation imitated previous generation. Therefore, in the places of the inhabited groups of less soldiers and civilians, there are some relatively small cities called military castles, used for guarding with soldiers. But, with the corruption of frontier policy after ZhengTong and the enhance of Mongolia forces, Wasteland Reclamation had collapsed gradually by conjunct function of the internal and external factors. In this situation, with bordered people drifted, farmland uncultivated, economy withered, military castles had been destroyed, but the government had incapability to repair. Until the JiaJing years, military castles had been rebuild to strengthen defense. After JiaJing, LongQin and WanLi dynasties lasted for60years, it eventually built military castles in52places. The basic form of Datong town "town-lu-fort" management mode. Meanwhile, the department of a word, the implementation of the "break away from within and outside, the garrison" new frontier, on the one hand, further improve the construction of the frontier military castles, on the other hand, some military castles become by the place of the trade. In addition to production to recovery and development Wasteland Reclamation outside, frontier markets to trade development.The Datong region of the established military castles, mainly were used to maintain soldiers, defended the human and livestock. The main distribution in town, near the city or in the city. The late Ming military castles distribution relative diversified:Firstly, they were most along the sidewall distribution. Secondly, the rest of the distribution in connection to the city on duct. Thirdly, the distance between the castles are close. The location of military castles are military factors and natural factors. Military factor is the establishment of the primary factor. At the same time, the location of military castles have also been natural conditions, such as, topography, soil, water, transportation restrictions. But, military castles the natural factors, the location of choice is has the stress, not every military castles in natural conditions are in line with the above four factors. At the same time, there are still a part of military castles still choosing to built in natural conditions relative bad place. In conclusion, military castles in the location, are flexible use of natural landscape and military strategic thought reflect. Military castles are the location to the greatest extent to the natural "optimal" and "bad" the best combining site, ingenious use of natural conditions for military activity service.The Qing government through the military conquest, advocating lamaism and full of noble marriage, have given no shift toward knighted and the system under its means, effectively netting and control the Mongolian region, in this political environment, the entire northern border with very different situation in the Ming dynasty. Thus, the Qing dynasty of Datong region of the original set the gileadites merging fired, county and state instead. At the same time, the compression garrison, keeping only part along the castle, a few troops stationed, the rest of the military castles, gradually evolved into ordinary residential areas, become a rural town. But, emperor Kangxi years after the invasion in Junger rebel, the northern situation flash hot nervous, for completely calm Junger department, the Qing government soon to strengthen the defense forces, is located in the northwest of Datong once became a tiger killed at Qing dynasty the town along the defense system. Kill tucks with its superior geographical location, convenient transportation conditions, the rulers of the Qing dynasty is paid more and more attention, and gradually from a military town development as the border trade center, in Qing dynasty, here is the GuiHuaCheng in TuMoTe, Ordos the gong of roads and kill off its tax is located.In short, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, in Datong region, military castles are the result of joint action with political changes in the history and the natural factors.