A Study On The Structure Of "X"

The potential verb-complement in modern Chinese is a special and important syntactic form, which has been has been a hot topic of grammar in academe. Many scholars have conducted a detailed study of the form and achieved fruitful results. As a form of complement structure in modern Chinese,"X bu de" is used widely in spoken language, which is a common fixed structure in modern Chinese and has special epistemic meanings. It has an important meaning to study "X bu de" in different perspectives, which can bring a deeper understanding of the potential verb-complement in modern Chinese."X" in "X bu de", can both be composed of monosyllabic verbs or adjectives and be composed of two-syllable verbs or adjectives. The verbs in it mostly are active and autonomous, while the adjectives must be character adjectives. According to the degree of solidification, the "Xbude" can be divided into temporary "X bu de" and solidified "X bu de", which can be analyzed from syntactic features, semantic features and pragmatic features. As other predicate structure," X bu de " is mainly used as a predicate ingredient in the sentence. Temporary "X bu de" can be divided into two categories:one is in perfect tense, when an action can not be achieved because of subjective or objective reasons; the other is in future tense, when the operation which has not occurred is denied for the purpose of "alert, remind or advise" to avoid errors and losses of subjective." X bu de" has three focus—object behind it,"X’" and "de". Subjective has its judgment and attitude when using "X bu de"; therefore it has a certain degree of subjectivity." X bu de " has gone through a long process of grammaticalization. In this process," X bu de" has gone through three stages:a loose term, a combination term and a solidification term. The loose term is mainly before the Tang period. In this phase,"X" and "bu de" formed a loose combination, not formed "X bu de "structure."X" and "bu de" either used in indirect conjunction, or used in direct conjunction. After Tang,"X" and "bu de" were combined as a unity to form a complement structure, and used as a predicate in sentences. The Song Dynasty is the solidification period of "X bu de". At this stage, it formed a typical potential complement structure. During this period,"Xbude" was frequently used,"X" can also be constituted by adjectives. Some "X bu de" solidified into words at this stage. In Song and Yuan period,"X bu de" mainly meant an action can not be achieved because of subjective or objective reasons; in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,"X bu de" was more solidified, meaning "remind, advice, warning or prohibition", reflecting a strong sense of subjectivity. The reasons of its grammaticalization are metaphor and re-analyzing.’guai bu de","liao bu de" and "hen bu de" are fully solidified products of its grammaticalization, which are more and more functional after grammaticalization. The negative meaning of "bu" disappeared, the integrated meaning is large than the whole meanings all parts, which meets the standard of construction. Therefore, these three "X bu de" are constructions, which meanings can be analyzed through a historical perspective. After reanalysis and subjectivity, these three types of "bu de" eventually evolved into a fixed term by crossing layer structure, while it becomes to express "some subjective feelings" instead of expressing "the denial of some facts", which has a strong sense of subjectivity.