| The total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected during August2012to July2013in Qingdao coastal region. The water-soluble inorganic ions in TSPwere measured by Ion Chromatography (IC); Zn, Cr, Ni, Li, Co, Sc, Pb and Be wereanalyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS); Al, Ca, Fe,Ba, Na, K, Mg, Ti, Mn and Sr were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma AtomicEmission Spectrometry (ICP-AES); and OC was determined by Thermo OpticalCarbon Analyzer. The average mass concentration of TSP was179.34μg·m-3inQingdao coastal region from August2012to July2013. The main water-solubleinorganic ions SO42-, NO3-, NH4+accounted for83.68%of total concentration. Thewater-soluble inorganic ions showed seasonal variation of Na+wassummer>spring>winter>autumn; NH4+was winter>summer>spring>autumn; K+andSO42-were witer>summer>autumn>spring; Ca2+and Mg2+werespring>summer>winter>autumn; F-was spring>winter>summer>autumn; Cl-waswinter>spring> autumn>summer. Al, Ca, Fe, Na, K and Mg were the dominant metalelements in Qingdao, and accounted for94.30%of the sum of all metals. Metalelements had significantly monthly variations. Monthly average concentration of Zn,Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na had large variation in different month, while the otherelements had small changes. All the elements had the highest concentration in Januaryexcept for Sc, Ca, Mg and Na; Co, Ni, Zn, Ba, Mn, Sr, Ti, Al, Ca, Fe, K and Mgshowed the highest concentration in November and January; Li, Be, Sc and Cr had thehighest concentration in December and January; the concentration of Na was high inAugust, November and February, and lowest in December; Pb was found the higherconcentration in January and February, lower in August and December. Most of theelements had the high concentration in November and the low concentration in August.The average TSP mass concentration in different weather was dust day>hazeday>foggy day>sunny day during sampling period. The total concentration ofwater-soluble inorganic ions was in the order of dust day>smog day>foggy day>hazeday>sunny day. The concentration of Na+was in the order of dust day>hazeday>foggy day>smog day; NH4+, K+and Cl-was dust day> smog day> hazeday>foggy day>sunny day; Mg2+was dust day>sunny day> haze day>foggyday>smog day; Ca2+and NO3-was dust day>haze day>smog day>foggy day>sunnyday; F-was haze day>smog day>dust day>foggy day>sunny day; SO42-was dustday>foggy day>smog day>haze day>sunny day. The sum of the averageconcentration of metal elements in the sunny day was lowest, foggy day higher thansunny day, and haze day and smog day were high. Compared with the sunny day, allthe metal elements measured were increased in smog day; Zn, K, Na and Pb wereincreased obviously in foggy day, while Li, Sc, Co, Ba, Ca, Mg, Mn and Ti reduced;all the metal elements were increased except for Cr and Co in haze day.The enrichment factor results showed that Cr in September, Zn in January andFebruary mainly were affected by anthropogenic sources.The enrichment factor of Pbwere large than10in each month, and metallurgy and coal dust likely to be animportant source of atmospheric Pb in Qingdao. Be, Co, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Srand Ti mainly from the soil or crust in each month. Li, Ni, Ba and Na affected bynatural and anthropogenic sources. All the elements had the largest enrichment factorsin foggy day except for Pb. Be, Co, Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Sr and Ti were mainlyaffected by natural sources in different weather. Li, Cr, Ni, Zn and Na were affectedby anthropogenic sources in foggy day. The enrichment factor of Pb were large than10in different weather, as are sult of mainly from anthropogenic sources. Theenrichment factors of Li, Be, Al and K were in order of sunny day<haze day<smogday<foggy day, while Cr, Co and Ni were smog day<haze day<sunny day<foggy day.The enrichment factors of Zn, Fe and Mn varied in order of sunny day<smogday<haze day<foggy day, while Ca, Mg and Sr were haze day<sunny day<smogday<foggy day. Ba and Na showed a haze day<smog day<sunny day<foggy day variation for enrichment factors, while Pb and Ti showed sunny day<smog day<foggyday<haze day and haze day<smog day<sunny day<foggy, respectively.Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine the sources ofaerosols in Qingdao, and the results showed that the main sources were soil dust,secondary aerosols, metallurgical dust, sea salt, coal and oil dust; the main sources ofaerosols in haze day were soil dust, sea salt, secondary aerosols, coal dust,metallurgical dust and fuel dust. The most important sources of sunny day and hazeday both were soil dust and secondary aerosols, the contributions of sea salt, coal andoil dust during sunny day were relatively small, while metallurgical dust and fuel dustwere relatively small in haze day. The results of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF)showed that the main sources of aerosols in sunny day were marine aerosol,secondary aerosol, vehicle exhaust, construction dust, metallurgy dust, fuel dust andsoil dust; the major sources of aerosols in haze day were secondary aerosol, soil dust,metallurgy dust, fuel dust, marine aerosol and coal dust. Compared the PMF results,sunny day was found that cxcept the major sources in haze day, also included vehicleexhaust. The results of PCA and PMF were found the consistient sources ofatmospheric. |
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