The Study, Based On Mitochondrial Genes And Morphological Characteristics Of Zhuhuang Is Mine Grate Locust Is A System

Ceracris Walker and Rammeacris Willemse are subordinate to the Orthoptera,Acridoidea, Arcypteridae,Ceracrinae.They are mainly distributed in Asia,and only distributed in Oriental realm, In China mainly distributed in south area of Qinling-Huaihe line.At present Ceracris Walker includes 14 species(subspecies),among them,12 species(subspecies) were reported from China. While Rammeacris Willemse have 2 species,we only know one species in China named Rammeacris Kiangsu(Tsai,1929)Because Rammeacris Kiangsu has moved to Rammeacris Willemse from Ceracris Walker,the phylogenetic relationship of two genus have disputed unceasingly,Meanwhile due to significant differences of the external morphology of interspecies in Ceracris Walker,as well as several polymorphism species existence,such that the phylogenetic relationship of Ceracris also has prodigious disputes.In this paper fifty-eight morphology characters selected from 12 species of the Ceracris' and one new species unpublished and one species of the Rammeacris' were used to construct data matrix, then carried on Cladistic Analysis,constructed MP tree and NJ tree.Secondly,14 original data matrix of measurement characters of 15 geographic populations's male samples of Ceracris nigricornis nigricornis Walker and C.nigricornis laeta(I.Bol) were carried on cluster analysis, Simultaneously the variation law of 4 measurement characters(Main difference characteristics between C.nigricornis nigricornis and C.nigricornis laeta) of 15 geographic populations was researched.Eventually mitochondrial COⅡgene complete sequences of 7 species of 2 genus (including 13 C.nigricornis nigricornis and C.nigricornis laeta,and 2 C.xizangensis brachypennis Zheng) and COⅠgene complete sequences of 6 species(including 6 C.nigricornis nigricornis and C. nigricornis laeta) were sampled in this study using direct sequencing of PCR product.And,COⅠ, COⅡ,the COⅠ&COⅡdataset and the subset have conducted the data exploration research. Phylogenetic analyses under the Neighbor Joining(NJ),maximum parsimony(MP) and maximum likelihood(ML) optimal criteria were performed as implemented in PAUP^* 4.0b10(ppc).Bayesian inference also employed to reconstruct the phylogeny using MrBayes V3.0.From these analyses of morphology and moleculor aspects we drew conclusions as follows:ⅠPhylogeny aspect of Ceracris Walker and Rammeacris Willemse1.Rammeacris Willemse should be merged into the Ceracris Walker. 2.Ceracris Walker was not a monophyletic group,its specific phylogenetic structure still depending on more deeper research in this field.3.In the tradition,the short wing class was divided into a monophyletic group,while the long wing class was not.4.The subspecies position of Ceracris.nigricornis laeta was canceled,and Combined With Ceracris nigricornis nigricornis Walker.5.Ceracris xizangensis brachypennis was a subspecies of Ceracris nigricornis nigricornis Walker6.Ceracris fasciata szemaoensis should be a subspecies of Ceracris fasciataⅡThe characters of the complete gene sequences of Mt-COⅠand COⅡ1.It is found that there are high A+T%in both of COⅠand COⅡ,with 70.4%and 68.8%respectively.The number of variable sites of COⅡare higher than of COⅠ.2.Results of data exploration listed as follows:①The result of x²(Chi-square) test showed that base bias exist in the 3^rd codon positions of COⅠand COⅡgene among taxa.②The result of base substitution saturation analysis recovered that transition in the 3^rd codon positions of COⅡall date and base substitution of all codon positions hasn't reached saturation.Base substitution of the 3^rd codon positions has reached saturation,the other two have not.③Strong phylogenetic signal exits in all data sets and their subsets by PTP test and random tree length distribution test.④g1 test showed that phylogenetic signal of COⅡis much higher compared with COⅠ.The result implied that additive effectiveness is weak among genetic linkage gene.⑤ILD test indicated incongruence between COⅠgene and COⅡgene.3.MP,NJ,ML,and BI method were separately used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of data sets of three single gene,which showed that through KH and SH test,all the P value of the 4 trees from the data sets were more than 0.05.The result from comparing these trees indicated that the likklihood values of the 4 trees had no obvious differences,and topology of 4 trees explained these date well.The resolution of combined four gene trees excelled the resolution of the two single gene, which showed that combined gene increased the resolution.This study is a relatively large-scale analysis of morphology and Molecular Systematics based on mtDNA of grasshoppers of Ceracris Walker and Rammeacris Willemse,which provides morphological and molecular evidence for the systematic problems between genus,species or taxa under species.Besides,it assisted to distinguish the Bamboo pests.However,the sampled species were limited in this study,it needed more extensive study on the phylogenetic relationships of Ceracris Walker.Meanwhile,by submitting gene sequences to GenBank,we share these data with worldwide researchers,hence contributing to the phylogenetic relationships of Arcypteridae.