Carbaryl On The Influence Of Ovarian Steroid Hormone Synthesis

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methyl carbamate), one of the most important broad-spectrum carbamate insecticides, has been applied for about 30 years on different crops, animals, and ornamental plants. With increased application of carbaryl in recent years, it is essential to assess its possible toxic effects comprehensively. Accumulated evidence has revealed that carbaryl has adverse effects on reproductive system in a wide variety of species. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the adverse action of carbaryl from the reproductive and endocrine point of view.Studies have revealed that the steroid hormones play a critical role in mammary gland development, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and modulation of the uterine function. Thus, ovarian steroidogenesis in response to carbaryl may provide percipience to the potential effects of this pesticide on female reproductive function. During the process of synthesis of steroid hormones, the first, rate-limiting step is medicated at the level of cholesterol import from the mitochondrial outer to inner membrane, which is mainly dependent upon the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). While steroidogenesis is controlled by multiple signaling events, research over three decades has established that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is the pivotal one.