Guodian "i" Part Of Speech

he Chu State Bamboo Slips of Guodian in Hubei province published in 1998 which was a major event for both Chinese and foreign academia.For the 10 years,these bamboo slips have been studied from multiple aspects.Among them,Lao tzu was the most fiery research which attracted a large number of researchers from paleography,philology,archaeology,history of thoughts,philosophy and other aspects.This thesis selected Lao tzu to research its word class exhaustively.The purpose was to get conclusions of the grammar characteristics of Lao tzu.As the language stuff of the mid-warring states,this study also will enrich the historical grammar study for that time.This thesis divided all words in Lao tzu into two broad headings:substantive and empty words. The substantive includes the noun,the verb,the adjective,the quantifier,and the pronoun.Each kind of substantive was classified again.Their grammatical function,the characteristic and the grammatical meaning were described(the first chapter).The empy words was divided into the adverb,the preposition,the conjunction,the modal particle and the structure auxiliary word.For the empty words,this thesis exhaustively described grammatical function of each word as well as distribution of various grammatical function(the second chapter).This thesis compared Lao tzu with other slips in the chu State Bamboo slips of Guodian which have been unearthing together with Lao tzu.It also carrid on the comparison with another editon of Lao tzu,in order to explore.the words's development path by some typical lections(the third chapter).After the exhaustive word class researching on Lao tzu,we have the following conclusions:1.There were 1,762 characters and 480 words.Most words are one-syllable words,and only 32 polysyllabic words.The compatible words are commonly appeared.2.In addition to the general grammar characteristics of the noun,verb and adjective,polysyllabic noun is the most polysyllabic words of all.Verb(176) is the largest number of category.Positive and negative adjectives often appeared couple,according to our research,there are 11 pairs of antisense adjective out of 97 one-syllable adjectives.A small number of nouns,verbs,and adjectives were given the rich connotations of Lao tzu's philosophy.3.The difference between the personal pronoun Wo and Wu was that Wo can be used both as the plural and singular,while Wu was used only as singular.The difference between the demonstrative pronoun Ci and shi was that ci could be used only for the phrase,and Shi only for the subject.The demonstrative pronoun Zhi and Qi could refer to persons and things,but Zhi was used mainly as the object,and Qi was used mainly as the subject and attribute.4.There isn't ordinal number in the Lao tzu.It used Shang,Zhong and Xia,as well as Dashang, Qici to represent a few grades which were reduced gradually. 5.All of preposition belonged to the compatible word..Five preposition were develoPed from verbs.Yu could be used widely to introduce time,places and objects.Hu was used to introduce only compared objects.Therefore,In the Lao tsu of the Silk Book in Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tomb and other passed-down edition,it was replaced by Yu.Ji introduced only time,while Yu introduced only objects.With high adhesion,Yi was often combined with the pronouns Shi and He into ShiYi,He Yi as certain sentence component.6.The adverbs were rich,but they wern't evenly distributed.Most of them were the temporal, degree and negative adverbs.Ji but Yi was used To express perfect progressive.Negative adverbs Wang and Wu were uniformly distributed,Wang was more than Wu to be used.The silk book and and the passed-down edition of Lao tsu replaced Wang with Wu.This verified that during the warring-state period the word Wang was used as the negative word,while in the late warring-state the Wu was used.The difference between Fu and Bu was that Bu was used widely,while Fu was much restricted.The transitive verb after Fu can bring objects,though majority of them without object.Consequently,the Fu in the passed-down edition of Lao tsu was replaced by Bu.7.Ye,could be used at the middle and end of the sentence to express various tone,was the modal particle used most commonly.The modal particle Yi came from the verb Yi,the development way from the verb Yi to the modal particle Yi appeared in lao tzu.Yu denoted only interrogative mood.Zhe appeared only in the judgmental sentence.The modal particle in the initial of the sentence is Fu and Gu..8.Er,the most common conjunction,could be widely used to connect two verbs,predicative phrase and clause.It could express progressive,connection,and disjunctive relationships.The word expressing assumption is only Ru.The word expressing concession was only Sui.The coordinative conjunction used Yu,not Ji.Ze,Yue,Yi,An,Ruo expressed only the successive relationship but turning-point relationship.An expressed only the causal successive relationship.Ci in lao tzu of the Chu State Bamboo Slips of Guodian was used as a conjunction rather than a pronoun,and could be exchanged with Ze.9.There were more empty words in Lao Tzu of the Chu State bamboo Slips of Guodian than the passed-down edition which deleted plenty of empty words for the neat sentence,rhythm and four-word sentence.Furthermore,in the following words:Bang vs Guo,Ju vs Chu,Ying vs Man,Yu vs Wei,Da vs Tong,Mei vs Shah,Xian vs Qian,and Hou vs Zhong,the use of latter gradually prevailed over the former and tent to replace the former after the late of the Warring States Period...