| Governmental Procurement, as the result of regulation for governmental purchasing activities, had a history of more than two hundred years in western society. In recent years, reforms for governmental procurement in our country are also taking place, as an essential part for a socialism market economics adaptable public finance expenditure system. Now the reform is expanding from restricted experiment to controlled popularization. In this Article, there is a) general principles of governmental procurement; b) established theory of developed countries; c) International conventions in this field and d) reformation of demonic policies. At the ending part, several suggestions was made for the improvement of Chinese governmental procurement.Part 1 General principles of governmental procurement; after the evolution of the slavish and feudal society, governmental procurement system finally came into being in the late 18th century. It went through four stages ever since. Governmental procurement is a kind of transaction, the buying of goods service, or projects committed by public sectors. Unlike civil transaction , governmental procurement was characteristic by its usage of public funds, being non-profit-leading, strict coherence with standards, open for public knowledge, strongly affected by policies, being usually huge in amount, and openness for supplier candidate. The government procurement is a multi-objective system, its criteria includes economical soundness; macro-scope adjustment; effective protection for domestic industry; environment protection; anti-corruption and pro-honesty activities in governmental organizations; fair play in business competition etc. Principles of Government procurement (generally consists of competitive principle, principle of openness, principle of fairness.) are guarantee for the realization of its objectives, construct the critical part of Government procurement. Governmental procurement consists of accumulated purchase and instant purchase. Each purchase may go through four procedures: namely the making of plan, signing the contract, after-sales inspection, benefit-evaluation. The purchasing method covers several different modes: Open Tendering, Invited Tendering, Two Stage Tendering, Shopping, Competitive Negotiation etc. Each mode has its corresponding dominant.Part 2: Typical government procurement in developed countries, experience in British and America, and an analytical introduction to international conventions. Governmental procurement in developedcountries achieved a relatively complete theoretical system over the past 200 hundred years of experiments and practice, with a reasonably complete laws concerning this subject, appropriate modes and methods practical for local circumstances, specified government agency and professionally well-trained purchasing agents, they can use government procurement as a powerful measure for protection of domestic market. For instance, American is one of the nations with the most efficient purchasing department. They do government purchase in a business like way, electronic device floods in those operations. We could learn from them by studying the change of purchasing method by them, and methods to prevent and control cheating. Government procurement in England was controlled by the government guide, limited by budget, decided by corresponding departments, taken responsibility by assigned personage, and supervised by the cabinet. Steps taken in recent years includes: closer cooperation between government and enterprise. Simplifying check for suppliers, and closer attention aid to fulfilling the contracts. There are some international conventions in WTO, EU, UNCITRAL, the World Bank Group, and APEC. In this part we tracked down their origin, contents and possible affections to us.Part 3: Heralded by an overview of the local and international background of our current reform, then we proceed to summarize the five-year interval between 95-2000. After years of experimental reform, a pattern includes accumulated and in... |
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