| The course of social and economic development just is the course of labor division and of specialization, which make great advantage for the social and economic development. The importance of labor division and specialization was firstly recognized by Adam Smith who illustrated it in his great work-the Wealth of Nations. And then, many economists advanced his opinion and formed a well-developed innate growth theory.By the means of accumulation of knowledge, learning by doing, labor division and specialization can do their functions for the growth of economy. Because of the learning'by doing, workers can enhance their work efficiency in their fields or specialties, and accumulate their special knowledge. Labor division cause the workers' special knowledge different from each other, and so, the total quantities of knowledge in a society is increased, which will further the developing of society and economy.Although the labor division and specialization do great advantage for economic growth, there is some negative effects of them such as transaction cost, information asymmetry, synergy problem and so on. These problems will hamper the labor's further division. As to dampen the negative effects of labor division, there comes out integration.Integration, including micro-integration and macro-integration, means that the intensity of interaction among elements in an economic system is enhanced, and that the synergy is advanced. Integration, which is based on the labor division, can decrease the cost of transaction and increase the level of synergy. Therefore it can put the labor division forward. You know, integration, like labor division, is also one of tendency of social and economic development. Merger,alliance,resourcing, virtual firm , supply chains' integration , transportation chains' integration and so on, which are applied in different situations, are the forms of micro-integration that started from the firm's becoming. Integration, like labor division, also has its own defects such as, say firm-integration, increasing the cost of coordination, decreasing the flexibility of a firm, probably causing monopoly and so on.As to relationship between the labor division and the integration, labor division is the basis of integration while integration furthers the labor's division. Labor division and integration effect,are complementary to, and further each other. They advance the society and economy together. So, it is one-sided or even wrong that one of them is neglected while the other is emphasized.The functions of labor division and integration and the relationship of them do great useful for the traffic and transportation whose developing course reflected the unity of labor division and integration. According to the theory of labor division and integration, it is necessary to coordinate and program uniformly, and to divide the functions of portsin a port-group, since it can improve the synergy of port-group and reinforce the competitiveness of the center port in a port-group with other main ports in nearer countries. From isolated transportation to combined transportation, to multimodel transportation and to modern logistics, the course truly reflects that the integrity of transportation is being strengthened. According to the theory of integration, the concept of seamless transportation, which can improve the quality of and decrease the costs of transport, is brought up. The course of the development of synthetic traffic and transportation also has an integrative tendency in macro-aspect of them. In current time, our country's transportation integration level is sill low, and many problems should be resolved as soon as possible. Many shipping Groups organized the specialized companies while they increased their scales by conglomeration or other means of integration, which can take advantage of labor division and specialization. Specialized companies such as COSCON and so on can manage and operate themselves skillfully and specially. Therefore, they can enhance the efficiency of management a... |
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