The COilception Shift And Enlightenment Of Educational Equity In The U.S.by Implementing"Affirmative Action"

In China, to promote educational equity is the basic education policy. Generally, educational equity is the foundation of social justice. The realization of educational equity is the ultimate goal of education reform. Therefore, the significance of guaranteeing educational equity is to maintain social harmony. Educational equity is committed to reduce inequity, to improve the education condition of social vulnerable group and to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. When working out education policies and carrying out education practice, every country should treat educational equity as the essential value orientation. Signed and operated by President Lyndon Baines Johnson in1967, Affirmative Action was one of the efforts that the U.S. government made to improve the educational equity of higher education. Public policy needs to be constantly revised and added in order to find a balance in the conflict between policies and the reality. After going through the time of "rights protection","preferential treatment" and "equal treatment", until now, the discussion of "Affirmative Action " never ceased. As a preferential policy, it has been a hot issue since49years ago. On one hand, to a great extent,"Affirmative Action" has achieved an obvious impact in the field of furnishing more employment opportunities for women and the minorities but also in the field of promoting the development of the ethnic minorities to accept higher education. One the other hand, based on the "government compelling interest","Affirmative Action" helps to implement the "diversity" in the campuses of public universities and colleges as well.Guided by the theory of "justice as fairness", documentation method and case study are mainly used in this dissertation for probing the conception shift of educational equity. Cases study and literature analysis reveal that the arguments about whether "Affirmative Action" caused "reverse discrimination" to the white has been existed for decades. The debates mainly focused on the discussion of whether "Affirmative Action"’ breaks the thoughts of "all men are created equal" in accordance with U.S Constitution. Thus, this dissertation attempts to explore the unity of formal equality and substantive equality, the unity of the abstract equality and concrete equality, and the unity of opportunity equality and result equality that the "Affirmative Action" reflects in the field of higher education. Hope related researches help to make a genuine equal access in university and college admission in China so that more students can accept higher education.Therefore, this dissertation begins with discussing the legal basis of "the Michigan Affirmative Action Cases" and the court’s verdicts. Then it expounds the theoretical foundation of "Affirmative Action" in term of its justifiability and transparency. Furthermore, this dissertation analyzes the challenges that the policy encounters with and highlight the primary cause and the root cause of the California SCA5proposal including its potential impacts on California. According to this research, equality and justice are the core ideas of "Affirmative Action". For orders of raising questions, analyzing problems, and solving problems, this dissertation carries on a comprehensive research on the conception change of equal access to education grounds on U.S. government and citizens. Last but not least, this dissertation ends up with enlightenments induced by "Affirmative Action" in case of to help us make a equal access to higher education in China. Specifically, policy makers should make public polices an eye on social vulnerable groups and establish the idea of "compensation to the vulnerable groups". Secondly, it is important to make sure that people from different classes understand each other and narrow down the disparity among them. Finally, complete the legal system and ensure policies runs transparency and openness.