The Preliminary Study On The Exposure Assessment Of Lead And Cadmium Of Pumi Nationality In Mining Area, Yunnan Province

Objective On-site nutritional epidemiology investigation and laboratory detection in a mineral area has been done,which was to obtain and analyze the data about the18and older pumi residents’content of the lead and cadmium in water, serum and the mixed dietary.18-79years old of Pumi inhibitant was investigated to evaluate their lead and cadmium exposure levels and risks,and discuss the relevance of lead, cadmiun in diet and serum, lead, dmium’s dietary intake and their content in serum, the resident’s BMI and lead, dmium’s dietary intake as well. Through which to put forward some effective ways and suggestions to reduce exposure hazards for residents in mining area.Methods (1) Three towns in a mining area of Yunnan, extract randomly several villages from which, then extract randomly one pumi people over18in each selected109families. Among them to take the Inquiry investigation, dietary investigation, physical examination and laboratory detection.(2) Collected the109subjects’samples of mixed dietary of24h, serum and physical examination including the measured height and weight.(3) Lead and cadmium in mixed diet and serum were detected with microwave digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and diluent directly-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead and cadmium in water were detected according to the way of GB/T5749-2006.(4)Veriy and confirm the test data and then establish the database with Epidate3.1,apply the SPSS17.0statistical software for analysis.Results (1)109participants consented to participate in the survey, including35males (32.11%) and74females (67.89%), the number of the research object aged18～44,45～59,60～79were correspondingly61(55.96%),33(30.28%), and15(13.76%)。(2) The lead and cadmium content range in the mixed diet of109people are between0.82～332.06μg/kg and1.29～124.19μg/kg respectively.(3) Among the109people,the content of daily, weekly dietary exposure dose of lead using point estimate method were0.03～9.07and0.18～63.46μg/(kg· bw) respectively.12portions exceed FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established standard Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI), and Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI); The content of daily,weekly dietary exposure dose of cadmium using point estimate method were0.03～4.53and0.33-31.74μg/(kg· bw) respectively.8portions exceed PTDI and PTWI.(4)The percentile97.5daily and weekly dietary lead exposure dose of the sample are6.61μg/(kg.bw) and46.21μg/(kg.bw) respectively. The percentile97.5daily and weekly dietary cadmium exposure dose of the sample are respectively3.39μg/(kg.bw) and23.71μg/(kg.bw). All exceed the stated quantities.(5) Analyze from the gender aspect:in male11.43% of whom had potential lead dietary exposure risk,5.71% of the potential dietary exposure risk to cadmium; in female10.81% of whom had lead dietary exposure risk and8.11% of the dietary exposure risk to cadmium;Analyze form age composition aspect:among18to44years old of Pumi residents,4.92% of whom has dietary lead exposure risk, and8.20% of whom has dietary cadmium exposure risk; Among the45to59age group,12.12% of whom has lead dietary exposure risk,6.06% of whom has dietary cadmium exposure risk;Among60to79age group,33.33% of whom has dietary lead exposure risk,6.67% of whom has dietary cadmium exposure risk.Analyze from the region aspect:no one in Hexi township leads lead and cadmium dietary exposure risk,18.75% of people in Jinding town has lead dietary exposure risk and8.33% of dietary cadmium potential exposure risk;5.45% of people in Tongdian township exposed to unsafe dietary lead and7.27%of the people exposed to unsafe dietary cadmium.(6) The content range of lead and cadmium in serum are between0.00ng/ml～276.22ng/ml and0.00ng/ml～15.15ng/ml respectively. Among109serum samples,88portions serum sample contains lead and the detection rate is80.73%;91ortions samples contains Cadmium and the detection rate is83.49%.(7) The content of lead and cadmium in water sample is between0.00～0.04ng/ml and0.00～2.5lng/ml respectively.15portions contained lead and27contained cadmium among30portions water samples. Compare with the limited value of GB/T5749-2006å'ŒGB3838-2002, for lead,5of6portions of domestic drinking water(including tap water and well water) exceed the ruled limit standards of drinking water Pb in national standard GB/T5749-2006, the average value is2.80times of the set limit.The lead content in all the9portions surface water conforms with the set standards of GB3838-2002.For cadmium,27samples were detected and the detection rate is90%. Among them,10portions of10portions of drinking water exceed the set limit of GB/T5749-2006, the, the average value is192.0times of the set limit.17portions of surface water exceed the ruled limit standards of surface water Cd in national standard GB3838-2002, and the average value is58.20times of the set limit.Conclusion (1) Pumi resident in this mining aera has the lead, cadmium dietary exposure, especially to some people. Differences of dietary lead content related to ages and survey sites while dietary cadmium content only related to the different survey sites; Jinding township have the higher lead and cadmium content in mixed dietary than other two towns.(2) Differences of lead, cadmium content in serum only related to the investigated sites, Jinding township has the higher lead and cadmium content in serum samples than other townships (3) There is no relevance between dietary lead and serum lead content, dietary intake of lead and serum lead content,which indicate that dietary may not be the main exposure source of lead and it may not lead to the change of some bioindicator.While there shows relevance between dietary cadmium and serum cadmium content, dietary intake of cadmium and serum cadmium content which indicated that dietary may be the main exposure source of cadmium and it may lead to the change of some bioindicator.There are no relevance between the BMI and dietary intake of lead and cadmium.(4) The content of lead and cadmium in most samples of domestic drinking water are exceed to national set limit, the contaminative ration is41.67% and83.49% respectively.Which means that the contaminate of lead and cadmium in domestic drinking water is already serious, In this mining aera, the cadmium pollution is more serious than the lead pollution, which contamination ration is up to94.44%. Compared the contamination ration of the lead and cadmium pollution in three samples of river water, well water with tap water,for lead, contaminate of well water is more serious than river water and tap water,for cadmium, contaminate of river water is more serious than well water and tap water (5) In Jinding township,which located near the conutry’s second largest lead zinc ore aera, the residents there has higher risk to exposed lead and cadmium.