Study On Bioactive Ingredients Of Saccharides, Volatile Oils And Inorganic Elements From Panax Ginseng C. A. Mayer

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a perennial herb from Araliaceae, Its root and fibrous root are the main medicinal parts. There are many active components, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, olatile oil, fatty acid, protein, amino acids, flavonoids, inorganic elements, vitamin and nucleosides in the root. Ginseng normally grows in mountainous gentle slope and slope at the altitude of 500 ~ 1100 m. Cultivated intensively in the Southeast part of Jilin, Southern part of Liaoning and Eastern part of Heilongjiang in China, the ginseng industry is richest Jilin Province. Ginseng is also cultivated in South Korea, North Korea, Russia and Japan as well.Ginseng has multiple biological activities and pharmacological effects, anti-tumor, reduction of myocardial ischemia damage, enhancement of the immunity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects for instance. It is proven that polysaccharide is an important ingredients in ginseng, which holds various bioactivities, such as antitumor, hypoglycemic effect, anti-fatigue, antioxidant effect, immunoregulation, etc. Saccharides in ginseng are numorous, including polysaccharides, monosaccharides, oligosaccharide and uronic acid, etc. There is also a rich bank of volatile constituents holding the anticancer and antifungal effects. Various mineral elements are contained in ginseng which are essential to the growth and development of humans and our immunity system such as Ge, Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, etc.The contents of polysaccharides, volatile oil and mineral elements of 42 samples with varied producing area and years were determined in this dissertation.Saccharides were extracted by water in the water bath and then precipitated by enthanol. The sediment was washed by a series steps to make crude polysaccharides. Phenol-concentrated sulfuric acid method was adopted to determine the total content of polysaccharide by measuring the absorbance at 490 nm. TFA(trifluoroacetic acid) was adopted to degrade polysaccharides to monosaccharides and then detected by HPLC at 250 nm. Peaks of 7 monosaccharides(Xylose, galacturonic acid, glucose, arabinose, galactose, mannose and rhamnose) could be separates clearly in 40 min. The content of each monosaccharides was determined by peak area compared to standards’.The volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation according to Ch P(2015) and then analyzed by GC-MS. The ingredients which hold the largest propotion in volatile oil are β-Farnesene, α-Gurjunene, Calarene, Spathulenol, α-Caryophyllene, Panasinsene, Neoclovene, Ginsenol, Palmitic acid, Falcarinol and so on.Inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometer(ICP-MS) was adopted to determine the content of mineral elements such as Ca, Mg, Pb, etc. in ginseng samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis was done to find out the inner regulation of different samples. Ca, Mg, K contents are higher than other mineral elements in all the samples accordingly. Besides, Ge was detected in the samples, which has important effects to humans.