Study On Organization And Establishment Of The Provincial Army In Xinjiang During The Republic Of China

Xinjiang is located in the northwest border of the motherland, the special conditions of backward economic foundation, complicated and changeable political situation, multi-ethnic and multi-religious coexistence determines the Xinjiang military modernization could not synchronize with many mainland provinces. The existence of numerous forces and the historical process of the modernization of army composition had different characteristics, contribution in each period to national and the social stability is different. As time clue of the 187 years from 27 years of Qianlong(1762A.D.) to the Republic of China(1912- 1949 A.D.),the thesis aimed at the army had been controlled by Xinjiang Yili general, governor, province government, studied on its organization system, mainly including the forces at leadership and command system, all levels of the army units of the peacetime establishment, personnel, with weaponry, from the modern perspective understanding inheritance and evolution of Xinjiang army and military system.Since 27 years of Qianlong(1762A.D.) to 1912 A.D., Qing government in Xinjiang had three changes in military command structure, organization and forces total number. After 24 years of Qianlong, Xinjiang has built military struture of the coexistence of Eight banner and Green camp, then Jiaqing-Daoguang period, Qing Dynasty faced with various internal and external challenges,Eight banner and Green camp were broken. Demarcation of chaos in Xinjiang disaster,Yong camp appearred as a new force, which replaced the Eight banner and Green camp became the predominant military power. Since the beginning of the 20 th century practice New Army and adapted guard battalions of military reform, arny use new weapons and operation method, Xinjiang training of the 35 hybrid Concorde and Yili hybrid--become the modernization of the armed forces. Guard battalion and the military system become the backbone of the Yang Zengxin and Jin Shuren military power.Yang Zengxin ruled in Xinjiang Provincial forces, including three systems of the army, Army and guard battalion. The principle of the organization inherited in the Qing Dynasty, basic organizational unit of the army is Camp, distributed in Xinjiang in all major cities and towns. The whole period of Yang Zengxin, the number of the army has remained at 15,000 to 23000. Overview of Yang Zengxin period in Xinjiang Provincial army’s organization system was subject to single arm, preparation of fractional chaos, weapons and equipment was behind, its staffing level still remain low level of the Qing Dynasty.The period of Jin Shuren, Xinjiang army has the Army,the Hui camp and guard battalion. He expanded the Army in accordance with the National Revolutionary Army "Triangular Organization" military establishment principle, and the military preparation is a new reform in a certain degree of progress. In addition to the army expanded, Jin Shuren cut the Hui camp sharply, but the guard battalion and other forces are intact,and keep Yang’s military establishment characteristics. Jin’s reform can be described as ‘old and new mixed’. Then, the military reform was interruptedby the chaos.Military organization of the Sheng(1933- 1944 A.D.) period after two major changes. The first stage is 1933- 1943, during this period Sheng and the Soviet Union allianced, Xinjiang Provincial army was controlled directly by Sheng, its organization and establishment referred to the Soviet’s establishment, which the Group is the main organizational units, arms has infantry, cavalry and artillery. The latter is to join the National Government period(1943- 1944 A.D.), military establishment is in accordance with the Kuomintang’s principle,and was brought into force sequence of the Eighth War Zone. Military establishment level is progress than Yang and Jin’s period, troops in the various branches of the cooperative combat capability has increased, which ends the the traditional old system including the Xiang army, the New army and guard battalions in the Qing Dynasty.National Government dispatch groups successively into Xinjiang from the Department of Hu Tsung Nan and Ma Bufang in Qinghai in order to strengthen the control of Xinjiang after mastering the right to rule Xinjiang. The military establishment in 1946 was changed by National Government plansof reorganizing the army, it cancelled the Army unit,the Army downsized as Division, and downsized the scale of Division. In Xinjiang, the 29 th Army Aroup has the Forty-two Army, the New Second Army, the Five Cavalry Army, it downsized Reorganization the Forty-second Division,Reorganization the Seventy-eighth Division and the First Cavalry Division.The troops were entirely commanded and dispatched by the National Government.We can be seen the preparation of the changes from Change Qing eight banners and green camp to the Kuomintang troops in Xinjiang, the forces in the composition of services has increased and gradually developed the Qing Dynasty of infantry and cavalry simultaneously plane structure model into the three-dimensional model of the various arms, such as infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers, baggage heavily,signalmen, car soldiers. For more, the division of arms is becoming more and more detailed and professional, and army initiative co-movement is increasing constantly,the fighting capacity of the army has also been improved. It can be said that the modernization of Xinjiang’s military has been improving, but it is lagging behind the level of the individual provinces in the same period and the military establishment in the world.