Study On Population Dispersal And Demographichistory Of Hipposideros Armiger In Guizhou Province

Hipposideros armiger widely distributed in GuiZhou province.The study of molecular phylogeography has been reported on H.armiger.Contral region(D-loop)of mitochondria DNA was used to study the genetic diversity,genetic structureanddemographichistoryof H.armiger in the scope of provincial level.Elaborated that population of spread center of H.armiger in GuiZhou;discussedwhether there wassex-biased dispersalin a small scale,preliminarily;and analyzed the distributionof H.Armigerin GuiZhou province:(1)The zoogeography of mammaliancan can be divided into fivegeographical provincesbased on ? The Mammalian Fauna Of Guizhou?,the sample sites include the fivegeographicalprovinces of Guizhou and Yunnanprovince,Guangxi province,475 samples were collected in these seven regions.In this study all samples were divided into three groups : 475 individuals,291 individuals(males only),194 individuals(females only).Constrasted to the scope of nationwide,the genetic diversity of three groups were all low in this study.The results shown haplotype diversity is 0.555,nucleotide diversity is 0.00295 in 475 individuals;Hd=0.653,Pi=0.00293 in all males,Hd=0.449,Pi=0.00345 in all females.Illustrated a relatively recent evolutionary history of H.armiger in Guizhou.In concluded,VIB4 population holds the highest genetic diversity(475 individuals: Hd=0.832,Pi=0.00431;males only: Hd=0.876,Pi=0.00392;females only:Hd=0.743,Pi=0.00494),imply that the region is likely to be the spread centerof H.armiger in Guizhou.(2)The coefficient of genetic differentiation(Fst)and gene flow(Nm)were calculated by Arlequin software,the results showed there were smaller genetic differentiation between Guangxi population and five populations of Guizhou,and frequentgene flow among those six populations,state that the recent genetic differentiation;While there were significant Fst,limited gene flow among Yunnan population and other six populations.Compared with group of all females,all males has significant genetic differentiationFst,implied constant gene flow among groups of all females.According to multidimensional scaling,none populations distribution with their zoogeographic division,and all of those populaions had a closer genetic relationship.Mantel test showed no significant correlation between Fstand geographical distance,there were abundant gene flow among all populations.This indicated that the geographical barriers not hinder the spread of H.armiger in Guizhou.Calculated by Migrate software,bidirectionalgene flow existed in paired populations,and VIB4 region as mainly the gene flow center to other regions.Verified thatVIB4 as mainly the dispersal center of H.armiger in Guizhou.Significantly,asymmetric gene flow existd in pairedpopulations,and some populations showed contrary gene flowin different gender groups.In order to avoid inbreeding,this species had a different way to disperal.(3)In the analysis of population structure for three groups of H.Armiger,phylogenetic tree and network of haplotypes showed a high degree of consistency.All of the haplotypes were subdivided into 2 major clades(clade A,B)in Bayes tree.Haplotype network yielded 2 disconnected haplotype subnetworks,part of haplotypes in VA1 and VIB4 were subdivided into one subnetwork with Yunan population,other haplotypes of Guizhou were subdivided into one subnetwork with Guangxi population,it means a close relationship between Guizhou population and Guangxi population.Thetimeofthemostrecentcommonancestor(TMRCA)among wasestimatedtobe0.0929-0.0981 Myr BP,and the mostrecentcommonancestor of Guizhou population and Guangxi population were estimatedtobe0.0555-0.0593 Myr BP,compared to other specific haplotype of Guangxi population had a more earlier divergence time,revealed that H.armiger in Guizhou mainlycamefromGuangxi.Bayesian skyline plots(BSP)indicated that the estimated time since expansion for all the samples was about 0.005-0.020 Myr BPduring the end oflast Pleistocene.TMRCA and BSP all showed a late expansion time of VIB4,it was revealed that VIB4 area was the recent expansion center in Guizhou.(4)Genetic differentiation analysis and the analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)revealed that 47%of populations presented no significant differentiation analysis in all females.This unstable geographical structure in all females,implied that continuous gene flow in all females,and there were non sex-biased dispersalfor H.armigerin Guizhou.Because of thematernal inheritance of D-loop,we couldn' t explain whethersex-biased dispersal exist in H.Armiger in this study.(5)There are many karst caves and well developed Karst in Guizhou,so it becomes a ideal residence forH.armiger.VIB4 area include a high-temperature area of Guizhou,ideal vegetation environment and a number of long,big holes.Due to the ideal environment and abundant resources,VIB4 areais main distribution of H.armiger in Guizhou.