Study On The Eco-geographical Distribution And Formation Mechanism Of Coumarins In The Fruits Of Cnidium Monnieri

Cnidium monnieri is annual plant belonging to Umbelliferae family.The fruits are often regarded as a traditional Chinese medicine,namely Fructus cnidii.In traditional application,Fructus Cnidii was mainly used for warming kidney to invigorate yang,dispelling wind,removing dampness and killing parasites to relieve itshing,indicating that Fructus Cnidii belongs to a broad spectrum of medical value.In our country,Cnidium monnieri distribute widely.The chemical composition contained in Cnidium monnieri from different areas is different,directly affecting the quality of the drug and its clinical efficacy.In order to clear the differences in Cnidium monnieri from Authentic and Non-authentic Regions,and clear the main environmental factor which plays a key role in the coumarins metabolism in Cnidium monnieri to provide a theoretical basis for the planting of Cnidium monnieri,and to reveal the mechanism of the key regulatory enzymes on the coumarin metabolic pathway in Cnidium monnieri,we carried out the research.The main contents of this paper are as follows:1.Research on ancient and modern literature aboutCnidium monnieriBy referring to the ancient and modern literature,we made clear the ancient name,Authentic regions,chemical composition and modern pharmacological activities of Cnidium monnieri.There were 10 ancient names used in Fructus Cnidii in the medicine records,and the Authentic regions mainly concentrated in the Jiangsu and Xiangfan(Hubei).Cnidium monnieri contained the main chemical composition of volatile oil and coumarins,in addition to chromones,glycosides and terpenoids.Coumarinsare main componentswith pharmacological activity in Cnidium monnieri.The most important constituent was osthole with broad-spectrum efficacy.2.Geographical distribution of chemical constituents in Cnidium monnieriThrough qualitativeand quantitative analysis of chemical constituents,we knew that chemical composition in Cnidium monnieri varied greatly,and Cnidium monnieri distributed in the northeast areaswere type I,Hebei and Shanxi were type II,and the other areas were type III.In addition,Cnidium monnierifrom Guangxi,Guizhou,Sichuan,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Shanghai,Henan,Hubei and Shandong mainly contained simple and linear furocoumarins,and the content of simple coumarin was higher than that in other areas,the content of total coumarin was higher;Cnidium monnierifrom Hebei and Shanxi mainly contained linear furocoumarins,but the content of angular furocoumarin was higher than that in other areas;Cnidium monnierifrom Inner Mongolia mainly contained simple coumarins,the content of total coumarin was lower;Cnidium monnierifrom Zhaodong(Heilongjiang provience)just contained a little linear furocoumarins.3.Correlation of environmental factors and coumarins variance in Cnidium monnieriAfter investigation of wild resources of Cnidium monnieri,the dried ripe fruits were harvest and cultivated in different places.Through the observation on the phenological period,we could conclude that cultivation in different localities had influence on the phenophases.Phenological period of Cnidium monnieri collected in the south of Shanghaiwas delayed,while north of Shanghaiwas pushed forward.In addition,the effects of cultivation on coumarins content in Fructus Cnidii from different areas were not the same,but there was a certain relationship with the geographical position.Component variation was smaller when the origin was near thecultivation places.The analysis of the correlation of coumarins components and environmental factors suggested that temperature was the most important factors playing the role in the chemical variation.High temperature could inhibit the accumulation of total angular coumarins,but promoted the accumulation of total simple and linear coumarins.Rainfall in the flowering and fruiting period of Cnidium monnieri might influence the synthesis and accumulation of coumarin compounds.Sunlight just had influence on the angular furocoumarins.4.Correlation between the genetic factors and coumarins variance in Cnidium monnieriThrough the study of molecular phylogeographic,we know that Cnidium monnieri has high genetic diversity.There are 16 haplotypes(H1-H16)from 179 samples of Cnidium monnieri,and H6 belongs to the most common haplotype,mightbe an ancestral haplotype.In addition,the haplotypes of Xingyi(Guizhou)and Longan(Guangxi)almost concentrate in H6.Combined with the knowledge of Cnidium monnieri native to China and Vietnam,we infer that the most primitive populations of Cnidium monnieri in China may be located in the southwest area.In addition,research on key enzyme P450 on the coumarin synthesis pathway shows that expression of P450 is related to the synthesis of simple and linearfurocoumarins.