| Objective The study aimed to evaluate the effective parameters of electrical stimulation on pressure and emptying function of esophagus. To explore the best electrical pacemaking parameters(including: electrical stimulation of the voltage, frequency, pulse width,electrode spacing, electrical stimulation time, etc.) which can promote effective esophageal peristalsis. That may lay the foundation for electrical stimulation treatment on effective esophageal peristalsis.MethodsPart 1 Thirty-six healthy rabbits were taken out the middle esophagus after anesthesia.(1) Esophageal sequence electrical stimulation of multi-point: Three pairs of the positive and negative electrodes were both connected with the signal generator and fixed on esophageal body. The distance between the electrodes was 2 centimeter. High resolution esophageal manometry was used to observe the changes of esophageal pressure in the stimulation sites. The stimulation mode utilized was: single phase square wave, electric voltage(2.0V, 3.5V, and 5.0V), frequency(5Hz, 10 Hz, and 20Hz), pulse width(25ms), stimulation duration(6s) and time interval(3s). Keep the records of the peak value of contraction after electrical stimulation.(2) Reverse sequential electrical stimulation on esophagus: the middle esophagus were taken out. Three pairs of electrodes were fixed on esophageal body. The distance between the electrodes was 2 centimeter. Reversing stimulation of esophagus with application of multi-channel signal generator and monitoring the high-resolution pressure results. The stimulation mode utilized was: single phase square wave, electric voltage(5.0V), frequency(20Hz), pulse width(25ms), stimulation duration(6s) and time interval(3s).(3)Esophageal sequence electrical stimulation of multi-point after atropine intervention: after atropine(10-3mmol/L)intervention the peak value of was observed. The stimulation mode was the same as above. Part 2 Forty-eight healthy rabbits were taken out the middle esophagus after anesthesia.(1) Esophageal sequence electrical stimulation of multi-point: Three pairs of the positive and negative electrodes were both connected with the signal generator and fixed on esophageal body. The distance between the electrodes was 2 centimeter. The Balance scale was used to observe the quality of esophageal emptying. The stimulation mode utilized was: single phase square wave, electric voltage(2.0V, 3.5V, and 5.0V), frequency(5Hz, 10 Hz, and 20Hz), pulse width(10.0ms, 25.0ms, 50.0ms), stimulation duration(6s) and time interval(1s, 3s, and 6s), distance between the electrodes(1.0cm, 1.5cm, and 2.0cm). Keep the records of the quality of esophageal emptying after electrical stimulation.(2) Reverse sequential electrical stimulation on esophagus: the middle esophagus were taken out. Three pairs of electrodes were fixed on esophageal body. The distance between the electrodes was 2 centimeter. Reversing stimulation of esophagus with application of multi-channel signal generator and monitoring the quality of esophageal emptying. The stimulation mode utilized was: single phase square wave, electric voltage(5.0V), frequency(20Hz), pulse width(25ms), stimulation duration(6s) and time interval(3s).(3)Esophageal sequence electrical stimulation of multi-point after atropine intervention: after atropine(10-3mmol/L)intervention the quality of esophageal emptying was observed. The stimulation mode was the same as above.Results Part 1(1) After electrical stimulation on the rabbit esophageal body, the contraction width of esophagus was 2.0cm.(2) The effect of different voltage electrical stimulation on the peak value of contraction of esophagus: In voltage of 20 Hz frequency, pulse width of 25 ms, with different electric voltage(from 2.0V to 5.0V), the peak value of contraction of esophagus were(60.00±1.90)mm Hg,(180.00±1.90)mm Hg,(247.00±1.90)mm Hg.There were significant differences between the any two groups(P < 0.05).(3) The effect of different frequencies electrical stimulation on the peak value of contraction of esophagus: In voltage of 5.0V,pulse width of 25 ms,with different frequencies(from 5Hz to 20Hz), the peak value of contraction of esophagus were (40.00±3.16)mm Hg,(82.00±3.16)mm Hg,(107.00±3.16)mm Hg.There were significant differences between the any two groups(P < 0.05).(4) The effect of reverse electrical stimulation on the peak value of contraction of esophagus: the peak value of contraction of esophagus for reverse electrical stimulation group(187.00±9.00)mm Hg was equal to the positive electrical stimulation group(187.00±3.00)mm Hg, there was no statistically significant difference between two groups(P > 0.05).(5) The effect of atropine electrical stimulation on the peak value of contraction of esophagus: after atropine intervention the peak value of contraction of esophagus(54.00±2.00)mm Hg was less than the peak value(150.00±10.00)mm Hg before intervention. There was statistically significance(P < 0.05) between the two groups. Part 2(1) The effect of different voltage on esophageal body emptying function: In frequency of 20 Hz, pulse width of 25 ms, with different electric voltage(from 2.0V to 5.0V), the quality of esophageal emptying is(0.16±0.01)g,(0.36±0.03)g,(0.40±0.03)g.There was statistically significance(P < 0.05) between the any two groups.(2)The effect of different frequencies on esophageal body emptying function: In voltage of 5.0 V,pulse width of 25 ms,with different frequencies(from 5Hz to 20Hz), the quality of esophageal emptying is(0.39±0.01)g,(0.39±0.03)g,(0.39±0.03)g.There was no statistically significant difference between any two groups(P > 0.05).(3) The effect of different pulse width electrical stimulation on esophageal body emptying function: In voltage of 5.0 V, frequency of 20 Hz, with different electric pulse width(from 10.0ms to 50.0ms), the quality of esophageal emptying is(0.32±0.01)g,(0.40±0.03)g,(0.50±0.03)g.There was statistically significance(P < 0.05) between the any two groups.(4) The effect of different distance between the electrodes electrical stimulation on esophageal body emptying function: In voltage of 5.0 V, 20 Hz frequency, pulse width of 25 ms, the electrode distance change from 1.0~2.0cm, the quality of esophageal emptying is(0.40±0.03)g,(0.56±0.01)g,(0.60±0.01)g. There was statistically significance(P < 0.05) between the any two groups.(5) The effect of different electrical stimulation time on esophageal body emptying function: In voltage of 5.0 V, 20 Hz frequency, pulse width of 25 ms, the electrode delay time change from 1.0~6.0 s, the quality of esophageal emptying is(0.32±0.01)g,(0.40±0.01)g,(0.50±0.03)g. There was statistically significance(P < 0.05) between the any two groups.(6) The effect of reverse electrical stimulation on esophageal body emptying function: Emptying quality of reverse esophageal electrical stimulation group(0.40±0.02)g was equal to the positive electrical stimulation group(0.40±0.01)g, there was no statistically significant difference between two groups(P > 0.05).(7)The effect of atropine electrical stimulation on esophageal body emptying function: after atropine intervention esophageal emptying quality(0.12±0.02)g was less than emptying quality(0.40±0.01)g before intervention, The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05).(8)The effect of opening esophageal entrance on esophageal body emptying function: esophageal emptying export quality(0.30±0.02)g is greater than entrance(0.10±0.01) g, differences between the two groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05).Conclusion Within a certain range, the esophageal peak value of contraction was correlated positively with electric voltage, frequency. The esophageal emptying was correlated positively with electric voltage, pulse width and electric stimulation time, negatively with distance change between the electrodes, uncorrelated with frequency. It showed no any statistical significance for forward and reverse electrical stimulation esophageal body. The effect of electrical stimulation on esophagus was influenced by cholinergic neuron. All of the above analysis proved that the parameters of electrical stimulation on esophagus within certain limits showed effective for esophageal motility disorders. |
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