| Obesity is a common physiological phenomenon characterized by extensive accumulation of subcutaneous fat,which was found to be associated with the occurrence of a number of chronic diseases（heart disease,stroke,diabetes）in the early 20 th century.China has the world’s largest obese population,of which more than 80% of the obese population has the characteristics of central obesity,usually as a "pregnant",who was more likely to induce diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Currently,obesity-related mechanism mainly includes energy metabolism imbalance,chronic low inflammation,intestinal flora imbalance etc.Life-long calorie restriction on both high-fat or lowfat diet significantly changes the overall structure of the gut microbiota of mice.These calorie restriction-induced changes in the gut microbiota are concomitant with significantly reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharidebinding protein.Intermittent fasting is considered a more viable life-long energy-restricted method to lose weight.During the fasting,adverse reactions,including strong hunger and hypoglycemia are the important reasons for limiting the application of the fasting mode.Low calorie intake,with which alleviates the strong hunger caused by fasting,simulates the fasting process.A recent study by Professor Longoshowed that continuous 3-month study of 25:5 dietary and fasting regimen could not only reduce weight and body fat,but also have a role in preventing or alleviating diabetes and cardiovascular disease.However,the feel of hunger is still not completely clear.Currently,the main mechanisms of regulating hunger are gastric emptying,blood glucose levels,the release of hormones such as gastrin,the energy balance regulation and reward mechanism in hypothalamus,etc.The human is a super-organism,composed of the human body and thousands of symbioticmicrobial groups on the surface of the human body,of which more than 80% of the bacteria stated in the human intestinal tract.Human energy balance is the result of the interaction of human and human symbiosis microorganisms,for the reason that short chain fatty acids produced by fermentation could regulate the body’s energy metabolism.Sergue? O.Fetissov,the researcher of the University of Normandy in France,found that E.coli in the mouse intestinal could produce ClpB protein whose role is similar with the host alpha-MSH hormone,which mainly plays a role in regulating appetite through the hypothalamus POMC pathway.ClpB protein can also promote ARC and POMC neurons in the hypothalamus of the hypothalamus,with promoting the secretion of NPY,AgRP,catecholamines,GLP1,alpha-MSH and other related proteins and hormones,regulating the appetite and energy balance of the human body.In addition,When the human feeds,stable phase of bacterial growth,changes in levels of serum intestinal satiety hormone and the feel of satiety are concurrent,suggesting that the feel of hunger may be connected with the gastrointestinal tract Bacterial growth and secretion substances.Human and symbiotic bacterium in the gut,all require energy substances which directly come from the human body intake.In the case of human body without food intake when the gastrointestinal microbes lack energy substances,even obese people with excessive nutrition and energy will have a strong sense of hunger.Based on it,we propose a hypothesis of hunger that it is a original stimulus signal,coming from the human intestinal symbiosis microorganisms in the absence of energy.Plant polysaccharides and dietary fiber could not be directly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of decomposition enzymes of these macromolecules,but can be used as intestinal microbial energy substances by microbial decomposition.We presented flexible abrosia regimen（FA）using plant polysaccharides and dietary fiber instead of dining,which might reduce or eliminate the body feel of hunger by providing to the intestinal microbial energy material..In this study,we mainly analyzed feedback of hunger,physiological indicators,as well as aspects of gut microbes change to evaluatesafety and feasibility in weight loss of continuous flexible abrosia for one week.Besides,assessment in the youths provides important scientific basis and reference for weight loss in the military.Moreover,we are trying to to promote weight loss using FA in the ways weight loss clinics in the hospital and community.Here are the main findings:Methods:FA is a special low-calorie dietary culture,in which normal diet at per meal was replaced by prebiotics formula and no restrictions on drinking water.During the one-week FA,all of the volunteers were provided with 10 g special prebiotics formula per meal.There are two phases during this study: FA for one week followed with normal diet for next week.85 indexes were measured prior to the one-week FA（0W）,after the one-week FA（1W）,and after normal diet for 7d（2W）,respectively.The V4 region of the bacterial 16 S r RNA gene was amplified from fecal genomic DNA for sequencing.A spreadsheet which need be submitted daily during one-week FA is characterized by self-evaluation including hunger sensation,sleep quality,body fatigue,body energy and so on.Besides,assessment in the youths provides important scientific basis and reference for weight loss in the military.Moreover,we are trying to to promote weight loss using FA in the ways weight loss clinics in hospital and community by cathedra.Results:1.FA for one-week could dramaticly reduce body weight（p<0.001）,fat mass（p<0.001）and waist circumference（p<0.001）,while had no influence in lean body（p=0.068）,muscle mass（p=0.18）.The basal metabolic rate decreased by an average of 51 kcal /d.2.FA for one-week could reduce blood pressure（p<0.001）,blood glucose（p<0.05）,Uric Acid（p<0.001）,WBC（p<0.001）,lymphocyte（p<0.001）,neutrophil（p<0.001）,IL-6（p=0.026）,hs-CRP（p<0.001）,total cholesterol（p<0.001）,while had no influence in pulse pressure（p=0.236）,fasting insulin（p=0.103）and insulin resistance index（p=0.206）,TG（p=0.797）.There was no influence in blood pressure in group with high blood pressure（p>0.05）.FA for one-week could reduce blood glucose（p<0.05）in group with high blood glucose.In group with high blood lipid,total cholesterol（p<0.01）reduced,while TG（p=0.202）had no change.3.When practicing FA for one-week,sodium（p<0.001）decreased significantly,chlorine（p=0.468）,potassium（p=0.256）,calcium（p=0.346）,copper（p=0.412）,iron in male group（p=0.331）had no significant change,and Zinc（p=0.013）,lead（p<0.001）,iron in female group（p=0.004）increased.There were no lower levels in serum potassium,serum sodium,blood chlorine and trace elements.4.FA for one-week could reduce liver function markers（p<0.05）.Creatinine（p=0.551）had no significant change,the level of serum urea（p<0.001）was markedly decreased and there were flare-up in urine ketone bodies and UA（p<0.001）.There were no change in myocardial zymetology（p>0.05）.All index were in the normal range5.According to the daily feedbacks of the volunteers,79.6% of them had no or only weak hunger sensation in one-week FA.Totally about 94% of the volunteers always kept a good state throughout the one-week FA study,92% of the volunteers kept high quality sleep,and 85% of the volunteers had refreshed feel and slight fatigue.There was no severe gastrointestinal discomfort among all of the volunteers,except for that most of them had louder bowel sound and increased intestinal exhaust.6.A total of 32,910,952 16 S rRNA reads were obtained,and（377 ± 139）OTU were obtained by 97% clustering.There were no significent increase in observed species（p=0.04）,chao（p=0.11）,Shannon（p=0.11）.16 S r DNA analysis found that the ratio of Bacteroides（p=0.016）,Parabacteroides（p=0.007）,Alistipes（p=0.029）,Subdoligranulum（p=0.015）,Bilophila（p=0.024）,Veillonella（p=0.038）,Bifidobacterium（p=0.056）,Akkermansia（p=0.016）,Barnesiella（p=0.024）increased,whie Prevotella（p<0.001）,Ruminococcus（p<0.001）,Clostridiumsensustricto1（p =0.001）,Pseudobutyrivibrio（p<0.001）,Roseburia（p =0.032）,Coprococcus（p=0.003）,Dialister（p =0.006）,Megamonas（p =0.032）,Sutterella（p=0.048）,Dorea（p=0.002）decreased in one-week FA.When resuming food intake for 7d,compared with the baseline,Bacteroides（p=0.024）,Barnesiella（p=0.079）increased,Sutterella（p=0.027）decreased,and there was no difference in the ratio of other genus.7.The young and communities residents all had significant reduction in weight,waist circumference,and all the residents improved the health.The physiological and biochemical indexes are basically in the physiological range.Summary:FA for one-week significantly reduced body weight,body fat,waist,while lean body mass,muscle mass,basal metabolic rate is not significantly reduced.FA for one-week could reduce blood pressure,blood glucose,blood uric acid,cholesterol,body inflammation.There were no electrolyte and trace element deficiency phenomenon.There were no apparent changes in functional markers.The volunteers remained stable good sense throughout the experiment with high quality sleep,relaxed feeling and slight or minor fatigue.Microbial changewas diet-induced structural changes.FA for one-week could significantly change the proportion of the components of gastrointestinal bacteria,especially promote the increase of beneficial bacteria.The establishment of weight loss clinic in the hospital,as well as the trial conducted directly among the communities improve the extensiveness of fasting.The fact that fasting can be used among resident households was guaranteed for its safety and feasibility indicated in the preliminary results,which also improve residents’ understanding of the intestinal flora and health. |
PDF Full Text Request