| This article is divided into four chapters.In the first chapter,we reviewed the progress of Scutellaria baicalensis resources,the modern research progress of aerial part of S.baicalensis and the Resource utilization of waste in the process of S.baicalensis resources production.S.baicalensis Georgi is recorded in Chinese herbal medicine in past dynasties.It is rich in flavonoids,volatile oil,two terpenes,phenol-ethanol glycosides,phenolic acids,nucleosides,amino acids and inorganic elements.Flavonoid is a resource-based component with high resource value,and it is the main effect substance of S.baicalensis Radix.It has antibacterial,antivirus,anti-inflammatory,antipyretic,analgesic,anti allergic and other pharmacological effects.This chapter analyzed the baicalin resource distribution,utilization status,industrialization process of waste production and available material,utilization,industrialization and other aspects,for providing a theoretical basis and scientific basis of the use of medicinal resources of medicinal plants in circulation and resources of S.baicalensis production and processing process of solid waste utilization.The second chapter mainly analyzed and evaluated the various chemical constituents in the stems and leaves of S.baicalensis from different places of origins,and distribution and dynamic accumulation of flavonoids and phenolic acids in different growth stages of S.baicalensis.Using UPLC-TQ/MS and ICP-MS techniques for the determination of chemical component of different origin S.baicalensis stem-leaf flavonoids,phenolic acids,amino acids,nucleosides and inorganic elements content,clear the use value of the resources of S.baicalensis stem-leaf and the differences in different areas in order to provide ideas for the resource utilization of the non medicinal parts of S.baicalensis.(1)The analysis of the chemical constituents of the flavonoids and phenolic acids:11 flavonoid compounds and 4 phenolic acids of S.baicalensis stem-leaf samples from 35 different batches and different origins were determined by UPLC-TQ/MS combined technology.The result revealed that the flavonoids and phenolic acids in the S.baicalensis stem-leaf were rich,in which the scutellarin is highest for 46.0854mg-g-1,the total phenolic acid in the S.baicalensis stem-leaf of Heilongjiang up to 1.0005 mg·g-1,the total flavonoids in the S.baicalensis stem-leaf of Shanxi up to 48.8459 mg·g-1.The differences in the content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the samples may be related to the region.S.baicalensis stem-leaf samples of Beijing,Hebei and Shaanxi have higher similarity in 15 kinds of chemical constituents.The three producing areas have larger cultivation area and cultivation history than other producing areas.The annual yield of S.baicalensis stem-leaf is huge.These factors also can potentially promote the utilization of S.baicalensis stem-leaf resources.(2)The analysis of the chemical composition of nucleosides and amino acids:The content of 18 amino acids and 6 nucleosides in S.baicalensis stem-leaf from different habitats was determined by UPLC-TQ/MS.The results showed that S.baicalensis stem-leaf were rich in amino acids and nucleoside resources.There was no difference in amino acids and nucleosides in different producing areas.18 kinds of amino acids and 6 nucleosides were all detected.Among the 18 amino acids,the content of Gln was the highest,with an average content of 1823.96 μg·g-1.The total amino acid content of S.baicalensis stem-leaf of Gansu was the highest,reaching 14.75 mg·g-1,and the total amino acid content of S.baicalensis stem-leaf of Shanxi was the lowest,only 1.46mg·g-1.Among the 6 nucleosides,the content of 2’B is the highest,with an average content of 188.51 μg·g-1.The total nucleoside content of sample S19(Hebei)is the highest,reaching 839.07 μg·g-1.The total content of sample S10(Shanxi)is the lowest,which is only 50.40 μg·g-1.Therefore,the differences in the content of amino acids and nucleosides in each sample may be related to the region.This section can provide scientific basis for the further development and recycling of material basis and resources of S.baicalensis stem-leaf.(3)The results of the analysis of inorganic elements:The contents of 23 inorganic elements in S.baicalensis stem-leaf from different habitats were measured by ICP-MS with Ge,In and Bi as internal standard.There are abundant inorganic elements in S.baicalensis stem-leaf.There are no differences in the composition of inorganic elements in different habitats.However,the content of it varies greatly.In 23 kinds of inorganic elements,the content of Fe was the highest,in which is up to 700.62 μg·g-1 in average,the average content of Sr in Jiangsu samples was the highest,the average content of B and Ni in Gansu samples was the highest,the average content of Ba,Ga and Mn in Shandong samples was the highest,the average content of Al,As,Be,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Li,Sb,Sn,Ti and V in Shanxi samples was the highest,the average content of Cd,Hg,Pb,T1 and Zn in Shaanxi samples is the highest.The differences in the content of inorganic elements in the samples may be related to the region.Among the heavy metals and harmful elements,Cd in the total amount of S10(Shanxi),S2(Heilongjiang),S10(Shanxi)and S22-S30(Shaanxi)samples exceeded"of medicinal plants and preparations for the import and export of green industry standard" limits(total less than or equal to 20 μg·g-1,Cd less than or equal to 0.3μg·g-1),the rest are to meet the requirements.In this experiment,we detected heavy metals and harmful elements in S.baicalensis stem-leaf which not only provided basis for quality evaluation of medicinal materials,but also provided references for formulating limit standards of heavy metals and harmful elements in medicinal materials.(4)The results of distribution and dynamic accumulation of flavonoids and phenolic acids in different growth stages:In general,the content of scutellarin is leaf(flower)>stem>root,suggesting that leaf(flower)may be the main synthetic place of scutellarin,caffeic acid and coumaric acid,and then transported through the stem to the underground part.Baicalin,baicalin,scutellarin and ferulic acid contents from more to less are roots,stems and leaves,indicating that the root is probably the main synthetic place for baicalin,baicalin,scutellarin and ferulic acid,and it is transported through the stem to the aerial part.The content of total flavonoids in roots was the highest compared with other parts of S.baicalensis.The total flavonoid content in flowers and leaves was different from that in stems at different times,suggesting that flavonoids from flowers and leaves might be transported to stems.The content of total flavonoids in S.baicalensis reached its peak in 5 and June,then decreased,and began to increase gradually in September,Because plants are made up of the above ground and underground,when the aboveground parts of plants grow vigorously(July and August),flavonoids from S.baicalensis root are transferred to above ground parts,so that the content of total flavonoids in roots is lowest.In general,the best harvest time of S.baicalensis root is the sprout period of spring.Considering the biomass on the ground,the most suitable harvest time should be before and after August when there has most exuberant growth of the upper part of the earth.The third chapter preliminarily explored the utilization value of the S.baicalensis stem-leaf.The antimicrobial activities of total flavonoids from S.baicalensis stem-leaf on Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were studied by liquid dilution method and disk diffusion method.The results showed that the total flavones of S.baicalensis stem-leaf were about 0.31 mg·mL-1 for the MIC of Escherichia coli and MIC<1.25 mg·mL-1 for Staphylococcus aureus,indicating that the total flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis stem had good antibacterial activity on the two kinds of bacteria.The total flavonoids of S.baicalensis stem-leaf had smaller inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus at 10 mg·mL-1,and had no obvious inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans,indicating that there was no obvious resistance to the two bacteria.From the perspective of liquid dilution method,the total flavonoids of S.baicalensis stem-leaf have strong activity for G+ and G-bacteria,but there is no obvious inhibition zone in the diffusion test of paper sensitive tablets,which may be related to the diffusivity of active components.The activity of total flavonoids from S.baicalensis stem-leaf on lung cancer A549 cells was screened by MTT.The results showed that total flavonoids from S.baicalensis stem-leaf had certain anti lung cancer activity.In the fourth chapter,the fingerprint of the S.baicalensis stem-leaf was established and the quality evaluation was studied.The optimum drying process of S.baicalensis was optimized.(1)The establishment of the fingerprint of the S.baicalensis stem-leaf:the chromatographic conditions of the UPLC fingerprint of the S.baicalensis stem-leaf are:Use the Waters Acquity UHPLC BEH C18(2.1 minx 100 mm,1.7 μm)column,mobile phase:0.1%formic acid(A)-acetonitrile(B),gradient elution(5-5%B,0-1 min;5 B-15%,1-3 min;15-40%B.3-1lmin;40-40%B,11-13 min;40 B-95%,13-14 min;95-5%14-15min;B,5-5%,15-16min).The flow rate is 0.40 mL·min-1,the column temperature is 35 ℃,the sample volume is 2 L,and the detection wavelength is 254 nm.In results,19 peaks are determined,the sum of the total peak area of the common peak is more than 90%,and the relative retention time RSD of the common peak is between 0.000-0.607.This method can be used to evaluate the integrity of S.baicalensis stem-leaf,and it is stable and reliable,simple and quick,which can also be used to evaluate and control the quality of S.baicalensis stem-leaf resources,so as to promote the industrialization process of S.baicalensis stem-leaf resources and to provide reference to other non-traditional medicinal parts of the development and utilization of resources.(2)Quality evaluation of S.baicalensis stem-leaf:The ash content of S.baicalensis stem-leaf and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids were carried out to study the quality standard of s S.baicalensis stem-leaf.The results showed that scutellarin and baicalin glycosides were in clear spots and good separation in TLC test;scutellarin and baicalin,chrysin glucuronide three flavonoids separated well by UPLC,and showed a good linear relationship in the linear range.The qualitative and quantitative methods established in this paper can quickly,comprehensively and accurately reflect the internal quality of the S.baicalensis stem-leaf,which can be used for the quality control of the S.baicalensis stem-leaf.(3)Optimum drying method for S.baicalensis stem-leaf:This experiment compares modern S.baicalensis stem-leaf processing and drying methods(hot air,infrared drying,microwave drying and conventional drying method)(dried,dried)influence on the quality of the S.baicalensis stem-leaf.The optimum drying processing method for S.baicalensis stem-leaf is determined by the chemical components of flavonoids and phenolic acids.The optimum drying method of S.baicalensis stem-leaf was obtained from 12 kinds of chemical composition,which was 30 s after microwave killing and 50 ℃ in infrared.(4)This experiment compared influence of the baicalin modern processing and drying methods(hot air drying,infrared drying,microwave drying and conventional drying method)and traditional methods(dried,dried)on the quality of S.baicalensis.The optimum drying process of S.baicalensis was determined by using the chemical components of flavonoids and phenolic acids as indexes.It is concluded that the optimum drying process of S.baicalensis is 50 ℃ by hot air from the comprehensive evaluation of 11 chemical components. |
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