Study On The Functions Of The Counter-expectation Markers Dao And Fan’er

Adversative words are important subjects in linguistic studies.Based on the previous researches,we take Dao and Fan ’er as the study objects,using theories of stylistics grammar,text linguistics and cognitive linguistics to do a further exploration of the cognitive and textual function of adversative words.The full text is divided into five parts:The first chapter is an introduction.It summarizes the previous studies of adversative words from the following perspectives:adversative words’ categories,semantic functions,textual functions,cognitive functions and their process of grammaticalization.The second chapter is an analysis on the distribution of Dao and Fan ’er in sentences and texts.Based on the theories of stylistics grammar,we did a research on the distribution of Dao and Fan ’er in different styles of texts.The statistical data shows that Dao has the high frequency of occurrences in the dialogue texts,while Fan ’er has high frequency of occurrences in the non-dialogue texts.Both of them appear less in the texts with the less interaction of speakers and listeners.In non-dialogue texts,Dao and Fan ’er can appear in the simple sentences,the first sentences of complex sentences,and when they appear in the non-first sentences of complex sentences.When they appear in the non-first sentences,they can be in the beginning of the sentences or in the middle of the sentences.The usage of Dao is more flexible than the usage of Fan ’er.In the dialogue texts,Dao and Fan ’er can continue the turns in the conversations.Besides,Dao has the turn-organization function as well.The third chapter is an analysis on the semantic function of Dao and Fan ’er.Both of them are the counter-expectation markers.The sentences they mark have three kinds of counter-expectation functions which include going counter to speakers’expectations,listeners’ expectations and the expectations of the particular speech community.On the aspect of the counter-expectation’s categories,the sentences with Dao are just different from the expectations while the sentences with Fan ’er are totally opposite to the expectations.On the aspect of the inclination of emotion,the sentences with the usage of Dao have the inclination to positive information while sentences with Fan ’er have no certain emotion inclination.On the aspect of the intension of counter-expectation,the sentences with Fan ’er are more intense than the sentences with Dao.The fourth chapter is an analysis on the cognitive mechanism of Dao and Fan’er.From the perspective of the subjectivity theory,both of them have subjectivity,which is reflected in the speakers’ perspective,affect and epistemic modality.From the perspective of the mental space theory,both of them have the ability to open a mental space and map different expectations in the mental space.The last part is a summary.It summarizes the whole dissertation and points out its insufficiencies.