The Relationship Between Immigrant Colonization And Climate Change In The Northern Foot Of The Tianshan Mountains In The Qing Dynasty

There are three new topical themes define PAGES'scientific scope, including climate, environment and humans. Meanwhile, PAGES focus on the relationship among them, too. Researchers take about the relationship between humans'activity and climate change in history period, especially, the MWP and LIA are important study period. Thereinto, Qing dynasty has attracted much attention that it belongs to LIA and leaves over some historical documents, important proxy data. In addition, Qing dynasty is a crucial period, owing to formation of dynastic territory of ancient China. In Qing dynasty, to strengthen the national defence, government decided to construct Xinjiang and immigrated some immigrants form Shaanxi-Gansu (SXGU). Hence, the North Foot of the Tianshan Mountains (NFTM) became important agriculture area in Xinjiang. Based on the findings of existing studies, the paper studies the relationship between climate change and agriculture development, such as immigrant and cultivate.The immigration affair took place in middle 18th century and late 19th century in NFTM. To begin with, the part took the immigration affair that immigrants move from the Hexi Corridor into NFTM during 1761-1780 as case. The paper tried to discuss the relationship among migratory policy, the migratory peaks in NFTM and the drought events in the Hexi Corridor (HECO). Migratory peaks lagged behind of the drought events 1 years. Among them, the third drought event pushed the last migratory peak, which made the Qing government change migratory policy in 1780. It was formed a complete chain of effects-feedback among the drought event in the HECO, the migratory peak in NFTM and the government's migratory policy changes during 1775-1780.In addition, to understand the relationship between climate change and immigration, the part discussed the role that climate change played in the migration from the region of the SG to NFTM during 1761-1911. First of all, proxy data from existing research were used to reconstruct climate change in the region of the SXGS. The data were drought/flood in the Northwest, drought/flood in the Longxi, and oxygen isotope in the Wanxiang Cave. Meanwhile, two series of temperature changes with 105°E as the boundary also were used in this paper. Secondly, in order to explain the change of contradictions between human and land, cropland cover change and population change were chose from existing research. At length, accorded to the change of immigration policy to divide the period. The results showed that immigration policy was the most critical factor in the Northwest China. Furthermore, the issue of food security was second important when contradiction between human and land was serious enough in historical periods. Immigration responded climate changes when immigration policy and food security had taken place, and migratory peaks were triggered by severe droughts. However, the premise of migration left SXGS to NFTM that the Qing government to effectively managed the Xinjiang.Third, a lot of historical documents was collated to restructure temperature change in NFTM during the 18th century later. There were abnormal frost dates and snow falls in the Barkol, an important district in the area, and the documents showed temperature rise in the 1757-1774. Furthermore, some perception records on warm explained the same rise in the Urumchi, another important district, too. Therefore, the historical documents recorded a warm period in NFTM in the 1757-1774. But the existing research results by tree-ring showed fall of temperature in the same times. Hence, the social background of the historical documents was analyzed and understood. Due to social factors, the rise were recorded in the historical documents. As a matter of fact, the rise was relative to the 10-20s of the 18th century, not to the 30-50s. Hence, the cultivate wasteland benefitted from the warming period in the middle 18th century in NFTM.In conclusion, agriculture development has clear relationship with the climate change in NFTM during Qing dynasty. On the one hand, the immigrant responded the climate change, and was magnified by social factors. On the other hand, the warming contributed to the cultivate wasteland in the middle 18th century in NFTM.