Molecular Phylogeny And Historical Biogeography Of The Genus Lobocla ( Lepidotera?Hesperiidae?Eudaminae )

Lobocla is the only genus of Eudaminae occurring the Old World,with 8 recognized species that distributes in China,India,Indochina and Russia.The interrelationships within this genus and taxonomic status of some species and subspecies remains unclear.The distribution of this genus shows very high endemism,but there is little known about how shaped the existing interesting distribution pattern.By using Maximum-likelihood(ML)and Bayesian inference(BI)methods,A phylogenetic tree of Lobocla is reconstructed here based on 3 mitochondrial(COI,Ctyb,ND5)and 3 nuclear(EF-1?,RPS5,RPS2)genes from 101 specimens.Except for L.quadripunctata Fan & Wang,2004,7 lineages are recognized here.The results show the genus Lobocla is monophyletic with high support,The interrelationship within Lobocla is emerged as follows:(L.germana +(L.promixa +L.nepos +(L.simplex +(L.liliana+(L.bifasciata + L.contracta))))).According to the phylogenetic analyses,and combines with morphological characters and geographical information,the validity of species L.contracta(Leech,1894)is confirmed,and two new synonyms is proposed: L.bifasciata disparalis Murayama,1995 is a synonym of L.contracta(Leech,1894),and L.nepos phyllis Hemming,1933 is a synonym of L.nepos(Oberthür,1886).The divergence time and ancestral range estimation indicated that the common ancestor of Lobocla originated in Hengduan Mountains around the Miocene(11.11 Ma).The uplift of Hengduan Mountains appeared to result in diversification of Lobocla during the late Miocene(9.39 – 5.34 Ma),of which characterized as diversification in situ,giving rise to 4 species: L.promixa,L.germana,L.nepos and L.simplex.However,it seems that dispersal event is an important factor in shaping the existing distribution pattern of L.liliana,which distributs in Hengduan Mountains and adjacent areas.The common ancestor of L.constracta and L.bifasciata might have undergo dispersal and vicariance around the late Miocene(5.34 Ma).Thus vicariance is also one important factor in the speciation of L.constracta and L.bifasciata.