Safety And Quality Of The Green Tide Algal Species Ulva Prolifera For Option Of Human Consumption:A Nutrition And Contamination Study

Since 2007,the green tide in the Southern Yellow Sea has erupted continuously for more than ten years.As the largest green tide event in the world to this day,the distribution area of large green algae in the event is 1.0×10⁴ to 6.0×10⁴ km²,which is about one tenth of the total area of the Yellow Sea.Large-scale green tides may have negative impacts on local ecosystems.Therefore,it is of great significance to systematically solve the environmental,ecological and economic problems brought by the ocean green tide by solving the damage brought by the outbreak of the green tide and exploring effective ways of the utilization of the resources of Prolifera.According to the investigation,used for food can not only solve the outbreak problem of Prolifera,but also provide nutritious marine algae.Prolifera is a kind of algae food with high protein?26.46%-29.01%?,low fat?0.76%-0.91%?and rich fiber?4.87%-6.58%?.It also contains abundant amino acids?17 kinds?,fatty acids?13 kinds?and various minerals?Ca,Fe and Zn,etc.?.Therefore,in this paper,the samples of Prolifera collected from the lifeboat cradle sampling sites of Rudong,Dafeng and Lv Si in the Northern Jiangsu Shoal of the Southern Yellow Sea,as well as floating sampling sites on the sea,were taken as the research subjects.Firstly,the nutrient components of Prolifera were comprehensively analyzed and compared.Then,the contents of five heavy metals Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr and As were determined,and the residual concentrations of 8organochlorines?OCPs?,4 pyrethroids?PEs?,9 organophosphorus pesticides?OPPs?and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?PAHs?were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry?GC-MS Agilent7890A/5975C?.The content composition,pollution characteristics and enrichment sources of different pollutants in Prolifera were analyzed respectively,and food safety evaluation and the bioavailability of PAHs were studied.The main conclusions are as follows:?1?The research on nutrient composition analysis shows that the Prolifera of the Northern Jiangsu Shoal of the Southern Yellow Sea is a kind of algae food with high protein?26%-33%?,low fat?0.20%-0.80%?and rich carbohydrates?43%-51%?.It also contains abundant amino acids?17 kinds?,fatty acids?17 kinds?and various minerals?Ca,Fe and Zn,etc.?.Compared with other edible seaweeds,Prolifera is obviously rich in high protein and low fat,and the content of Fe is much higher than other seaweeds.Prolifera has a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids,which is beneficial to human health,and the EAA/NEAA ratio of Prolifera is closer to the ideal model recommended by FAO/WTO than other seaweeds.Therefore,Prolifera is a kind of high-quality seaweed with the potential to be widely used as food.?2?The absolute concentration of heavy metals is as follows:Cu>Cr>Pb>As>Cd.Compared with other edible seaweeds,only part of the content of Pb in Prolifera exceeds the Hygienic Standard for Marine Algae and Algae Products GB19643-2005,and the content of other heavy metals is within reasonable range.However,the order of enrichment and concentration of heavy metals is slightly different:Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>As.The results of single index and comprehensive health risk evaluation of heavy metals in Prolifera showed that:The THQ values of both single and combined pollution are far below 1(<10^-5),indicating that the Prolifera is with high safety in heavy metal pollution in the Southern Yellow Sea,which is healthy and edible.?3?The level of three kinds of pesticides in Prolifera is as follows:Pyrethroid>organochlorine>organophosphorus,and Prolifera has the strongest enrichment ability of PEs,followed by OCPs,and the enrichment ability of OPPs is the weakest,which was consistent with the concentration order of the above pesticides in Prolifera.The results of food risk assessment on Prolifera shows that ave THQ values based on single pesticide are far less than 1,which means no harm to human health.The compound HI values of the three pesticides are 4.40×10^-10-7.69×10^-10 and far less than 1,indicating that the residues of the three pesticides in Prolifera in the Northern Jiangsu Shoal of the Southern Yellow Sea are unthreatening to human health.?4?The content range of?PAHs in Prolifera is 129-1066 ng?g^-1 dw.The samples with the lowest content were found in floating sampling sites far away from shore,and the ring number distribution was mainly 4 rings.The results of carcinogenic risk based on BaP indicate that edible risk of Prolifera brought by PAHs was controllable.The risk values of most sampling sites are lower than the safe value stipulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency?USEPA?.Based on the results of bioavailability of PAHs,this study proved that PAHs in Prolifera of Yellow Sea mainly come from the pollution of surface seawater.