Large-scale Spatial Variability Of Major Ions In The Aerosol Along The China-Arctic Transect And The Chemical Composition Of Arctic Glacier Soil

The northern hemisphere is the main area of human activity.The study of the atmospheric aerosol components in the Northern Hemisphere and the surface soil environment in the Arctic has important scientific significance for understanding the current situation of human activities on the global ecological environment and revealing the changes of the global ecological environment under the influence of human activities.This study mainly analyzes atmospheric aerosol samples and soil samples,and then conducts research.The samples come from the eighth and ninth Chinese Arctic scientific expeditions and the scientific investigation process of the Arctic Yellow River Station area in arctic.Conduct surveys of atmospheric aerosol composition changes and human activities on remote Arctic regions at large-scales spatial.This study investigated the spatial distribution and source information of atmospheric aerosol ions from China to the Arctic.Moreover,the atmospheric aerosol transport process and settlement effects from Shanghai to the Arctic during the same season in consecutive years were investigated.A preliminary assessment of the effects of human factors on changes in atmospheric composition and soil conditions in the Arctic region was conducted.The results show that during the 8th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition campaign,the content of major ions in atmospheric aerosols on the route of the"Snow Dragon"scientific research ship was from high to low is Cl^->Na⁺>SO₄^2->NO₃^->Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺>NH₄⁺?Cl^-?NO₃^-?SO₄^2-and Na⁺are the most abundant ions in atmospheric aerosols,and the contributions of K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺and NH₄⁺are low.In marine areas far from the mainland,EFseawater of Cl^-,SO₄^2-and Na⁺in atmospheric aerosols is close to 1,indicating that their source is dominated by oceans.The EFsoild and EFseawater of K⁺,Mg²⁺,and Ca²⁺in atmospheric aerosols are close to 1 respectively,and their sources are affected by continental and oceanic inputs.The EFseawater of NO₃^-in aerosols is much higher than 1,suggesting its unique source,and further its principal component analysis shows that its concentration in aerosols is related to the secondary chemical reaction of pollutants emitted by human activities in the atmosphere.The backward trajectory model provides an intuitive and clear display of the ion transport process and source region.The backward trajectory model provides an intuitive and clear display of the ion transport process and source region.The backward trajectory model provides an intuitive and clear display of the ion transport process and source region.The results show that in the distant open ocean,atmospheric aerosols are mainly derived from the nearby seas,and a small amount of components arrive from land through long-distance transmission.The atmospheric aerosols in the near-shore segment are significantly input by the mainland,and there are pollutants that cause human emissions,which affect the remote areas through the long-distance transmission of the atmosphere.The content of major ions in atmospheric aerosols on the route of the"Snow Dragon"scientific research ship during the 8th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition campaign was from high to low is Cl^->Na⁺>SO₄^2->NO₃^->Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺>NH₄⁺.Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-and Na⁺are the most abundant ions in atmospheric aerosols,and the contributions of K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺and NH₄⁺are low.The closer to the mainland,the higher the content of K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺and NH₄⁺in atmospheric aerosols,indicating that the intensity of land-based effects is related to distance.The ocean is the main source of Cl^-,Na⁺,K⁺and Mg²⁺,and the concentration of K⁺in the aerosol also contributes to the crust.SO₄^2-,Ca²⁺,NO₃^-and NH₄⁺in aerosols originate from terrestrial regions,and Ca²⁺is derived from crust input,and some of these ions are also derived from the ocean.NO₃^-in aerosols is derived from human industrial activity emissions and minor ocean input.Industrial?associated with NO₃^-?and agricultural?related to NH₄⁺?sources contribute to high atmospheric nitrogen contents,and biomass burning is an important source of atmospheric nitrogen.Dimethylsulphide produced by phytoplankton in the seawater is a non-negligible source of SO₄^2-.Dimethylsulphide is considered to be of significance to precipitation by acting as cloud condensation nuclei.In remote marine atmosphere,the oxidation of biogenic-sourced sulphur gases,mainly dimethylsulphide,is an important source of atmospheric SO₂.Consequently,the biogenic sulphur gas could be an important source of SO₄^2-n remote marine atmosphere.However,further studies are needed to quantify the percentages of each source contributing to SO₄^2-in aerosols.Air mass backward trajectory analysis provides an intuitive demonstration of ion sources,and ions in the aerosols are dominated by both regional emissions and long-distance transport of materials.In general,the source and transmission process of atmospheric aerosols from Shanghai to the Arctic are affected by factors such as changes in land and sea position.The human factors in the coastal areas are greatly affected.With the increase of offshore distance,the intensity of human factors is reduced,but the remote Arctic waters will still have emissions from densely populated areas,and the impact of human activities will decrease with increasing distance,but the scope of impact is extensive.From July to September 2016,the content of major ions in atmospheric aerosols in the Arctic Yellow River Station region was from high to low is Cl^->Na⁺>SO₄^2->Mg²⁺>NO₃^->K⁺>Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺.Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-and Na⁺are the most abundant ions in atmospheric aerosols,and the contributions of K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺and NH₄⁺are low.The ocean is the main source of Cl^-,Na⁺,K⁺and Mg²⁺,and the concentration of K⁺in the aerosol also contributes to the crust.SO₄^2-,Ca²⁺,NO₃^-and NH₄⁺in aerosols originate from terrestrial regions,and Ca²⁺is derived from crust input,and some of these ions are also derived from the ocean.NO₃^-in aerosols is derived from human industrial activity emissions in low latitudes and local anthropogenic emissions.The source of SO₄^2-in aerosols is complex and its source is related to human activities.Dimethylsulphide produced by phytoplankton in the seawater is a non-negligible source of SO₄^2-.Air mass backward trajectory analysis indicate that ions in the aerosols are dominated by both regional emissions and long-distance transport of materials during the period from July 10 to September 18,2016.The long-distance transport of ions from the eastern part of Canada,Nordic region and the Norwegian Sea region,result in land input,including pollutants from human activities and terrestrial ions.The air mass can bring pollutants from the low latitude region to the Svalbard archipelago.From July to September 2018,the content of major ions in atmospheric aerosols in the Arctic Yellow River Station region was from high to low is Cl^->Na⁺>SO₄^2->NO₃^->Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺>K⁺.Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-and Na⁺are the most abundant ions in atmospheric aerosols,accounting for 91%of the total aerosol ions.Cl^-and Na⁺are mainly affected by ocean input.Mg²⁺and K⁺are from both land and sea sources.NO₃^-in aerosols is derived from human industrial activity emissions in low latitudes and local anthropogenic emissions.Dimethylsulphide produced by phytoplankton in the seawater is a non-negligible source of SO₄^2-.Compared with the atmospheric aerosol dates in 2016,the correlation between NO₃^-with Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,K⁺was significant in 2016,but not significantly in 2018.This is caused by changes in the source regions of NO₃^-,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺and K⁺.Industrial?associated with NO₃^-?and agricultural?related to NH₄⁺?sources contribute to high atmospheric nitrogen contents.We collected surface soils in the forelands of the Austre Lovénbreen and Pedersenbreen glaciers,to investigate the content and distribution characteristics of several metals?Ni,Pb,V,Cu,Zn,Mn,Al and Fe?in the soil,and the possible sources of these metals.The average content of metals in surface soils at Austre Lovénbreen increased in the order of Cu<Pb<Ni<V<Zn<Mn<Al<Fe,and at Pedersenbreen they increased in the order of Ni<Pb<V<Cu<Zn<Mn<Al<Fe.The coefficients of variation of metals in surface soils of the forelands at Austre Lovénbreen and Pedersenbreen glaciers were 0.13–0.45 and 0.12–0.98,respectively.The average concentrations of Ni,Pb,V,Mn,Al and Fe at Austre Lovénbreen were similar to those at Pedersenbreen,but the average contents of Cu and Zn at the latter glacier were much higher.The high Pb enrichment factor for soil sampled from Pedersenbreen was close to that found in areas of human activity.Principal component analysis showed that Ni,V,Al and Fe in the surface soils of both glacier forelands were mainly associated with parent-rock weathering,whereas Mn likely originated from parent-rock weathering and human emissions.The results also indicated that Pb in the surface soils at Austre Lovénbreen derived from parent-rock weathering,while at Pedersenbreen Pb derived from parent-rock weathering and was augmented by human activities;Cu and Zn in surface soils at Austre Lovénbreen likely originated from parent-rock weathering,while at Pedersenbreen those metals may have originated from elemental fractionation during parent-rock weathering and the transport process.This study is the first to investigate the environmental information of the atmosphere and surface soils from Shanghai to the Arctic in the same season and consecutive years.On the large scale of space,study the impact of human activities on the natural environment in the northern hemisphere.It is of profound significance to understand the global variation of atmospheric aerosols,the regional material cycle and the impact of human activities on the environment at large spatial scales.