Toxicities And Management Of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors In Cancer Immunotherapy

In recent years,immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICPi)have become the standard treatment for many advanced cancers.The mainly targets of these drugs include cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4(CTLA-4),programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1).These monoclonal antibodies have the ability to reactivate the immune system of the tumor cells,but may also cause various autoimmune side effects,called immune-related adverse events(ir AEs).Ir AEs can affect almost all organs and its characteristics are different from conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapy.According to the recently published studies,we will review the incidence,mechanism,clinical presentation and management of ir AEs in the lung,liver,kidney,gastrointestinal system,endocrine system,skin and other organs against anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody ipilimumab,anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody nivolumab and pembrolizumab.