| Objective: This paper describe the clinical characteristics and component characteristics of urinary calculi in children in Tibet.We can find the main components of urinary calculi in children in this region and analyze its risk factors so as to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of urinary calculi in children in this region.Methods: A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted on 93 cases of urinary calculi in Tibetan children and 93 cases of non urinary calculi in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2020.This paper describes the clinical characteristics and stone composition characteristics of 93 Tibetan children with urinary calculi.We find out the main components of urinary calculi in this area and analyzes the risk factors by conditional logistic regression.Results: 1.General situation of stone group: the average age of 93 Tibetan children with urinary stone is 8.11 ± 3.85 years(0.42-13.58years),the ratio of male and female is 1.63:1(57 / 36).Among them,60 cases were renal calculi(64.5%),21 cases were ureteral calculi(22.6%),8 cases were bladder calculi(8.6%),4 cases were urethral calculus(4.3%).Among them,64 cases(68.8%)were single component stones,and the rest 29 cases(31.2%)were mixed component stones.Among them,52cases(55.91%)were calcium oxalate alone,10 cases(10.75%)wereammonium urate alone,2 cases(2.15%)were magnesium ammonium phosphate alone,21cases(22.58%)were calcium oxalate combined with carbonate apatite,5cases(5.38%)of calcium oxalate stone with ammonium urate stone,3 cases(3.23%)of calcium oxalate stone with uric acid stone.87.10% of the stones in this group contain calcium oxalate.In this group,calcium oxalate stone(81.25%)is the most common single component stone.The mixed stone is a mixture of calcium oxalate(100%)and the most common mixed stone is calcium oxalate combined with carbonate apatite.It was found that the incidence of urinary stones in Tibetan children was 39.13% in school age(6～11 years old).The incidence of urinary stones increased with the increase of age before puberty.The proportion of calcium oxalate stone increased with age.The upper urinary tract stones are the most common stones in all age groups and their proportion increases with age,while the lower urinary tract stones proportion decreases with age.2.Analysis of risk factors:there was no significant difference in age,gender,height and weight between the stone group and the control group(P > 0.05),indicating that the balance between the groups was better.There were significant differences among the groups in altitude distribution,blood potassium concentration,blood sodium concentration,blood calcium concentration,blood chlorine concentration and blood phosphorus concentration(P <0.05).The results of conditional logistic regression analysis showed thathigh blood calcium,high blood sodium and high blood chlorine were the risk factors of urinary calculi in Tibetan children,while high blood phosphorus was the protective factor.Conclusions: 1.The Tibet Autonomous Region is located in the southwest of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau,with an average altitude of more than 4000 meters.The residents are mainly Tibetan.Their living environment and eating habits are quite different from the Han people in the mainland.Tibetan children with urinary calculi have their special clinical characteristics and composition characteristics.In this study,the average age of Tibetan children with urinary calculi was 8.11 ± 3.85 years old,and the ratio of male to female was 1.63:1.In this group,68.8% of the stones were single component and the most common one was calcium oxalate stone(81.25%).In this group,the mixed component stones were calcium oxalate mixture(100%)and calcium oxalate combined with carbonate apatite was the main one.In this group,87.10% of the stones contain calcium oxalate.It was found that the incidence of stones in Tibetan children was 39.13% in school age(6～11 years old).The incidence of stones increased with the increase of age before puberty.In this group,the proportion of calcium oxalate stone increased with the increase of age.Upper urinary tract stone is the most common stone in all age groups.2.The main component of urinary calculi in Tibetan children was calcium oxalate calculi(55.91%).High blood calcium,high bloodsodium and high blood chlorine are the risk factors of urinary calculi in Tibetan children,while high blood phosphorus is the protective factor. |
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