The Preliminary Study Of The Political System Of The Holy Roman Empire Of The German Nations

In recent years,the domestic research on the history of Germany focused on the modern time,and the research on the German histories of the Middle Ages and early modern time is obviously not enough.As a result of the development of modern capitalism,Britain and France have established national monarchies in the forms of constitutional monarchy and absolute monarchy,and these political regimes are recognized as the beginning of the modern state model by historians too.The early modern Germany had long been recognized as a loose,backward,feudal regime because of the following facts:the "disunity",the failures of not following the English and French national state-building-models.Not until the establishment of the Second Empire in 1871,was Germany recognized as a unified,modern national country.In fact,the conclusions drawn in this way are not accurate.Many foreign scholars,especially the German scholars who focused on the study of the documents of the early modern Germany found that Germany in its early modern period had developed an effective political system,which has a unified imperial government,parliament,and ten Reichskreise.Although each district has its own ability to act independently,its basic code of conduct is always up to the political system of the empire.And the early modern parliamentary democracy also reflects the diversity of the political developments and the basic rules of the modern parliamentary democracy,is also an important tradition of German history.The purpose of this paper is to discuss this political system in a comprehensive and systematic way,hoping to play a little role in promoting the study of the German modernizations.The first chapter is the introduction to the background of the creation of the political system of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nations,which includes the introduction to the tradition of the "divine right of the Emperor",the conflicts of the ecclesical and secular powers,the electoral systems of the Emperor established by the Golden Bull,the disorders of the Empire brought by the Black Death and so on.The establishment of the political system of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nations began in the late 15th century and ended in the middle of the 17th century,when the "Westphalia Treaties" were reached.During these process,there broke out the Reformations,which had a very significant impact on the construction of the imperial political system.The third chapter is the display of the political systems of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nations.The main political institutions consists of the Emperor,the Prime Minister of the Empire,the Reichstag,the imperial court and the Reichskreise.The operation of imperial politics is up to in a large extent the functions and co-operations of these political organs.The political system and its operation of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nations had profoundly influenced the future developments of modern German history after the 19th century.