The Research On Funds Of The Imperial University Of Peking(1898-1911)

Educational reform is an important aspect of social changes in modern times,and the Imperial University of Peking is an important part of the reconstruction of education system.This article is point of penetration with funds to investigate the interaction between the Imperial University of Peking and late Qing dynasty changes.This article aims to explore the factors that affect the funds of the Imperial University of Peking and the impact of the funds on the Imperial University of Peking.This article attempts to reveal the complexity of politics-academia relation and reflect the dilemma of educational transition and social reform.In 1898,the "University Charter" drafted by Liang Qichao was the blueprint for the Imperial University of Peking.Due to the lack of completely knowledge of Western universities,in addition,limited by the actual situation in china,Liang Qichao is mainly"refer to domestic actual situations" in terms of funds design,which is far from "Japanese educational regulations".After taking charge of the Imperial University of Peking,Sun Jianai,who differs with Kang Liang on politics,revised the relevant funds design.After the coup in 1898,under the influence of the political situation,the university and its funds have repeatedly become the object of criticism.These crises involve the reputation of the university and the financial situation of the Qing government.In order to relieve external pressure,Sun Jianai slightly adjusted the expenditure of the Imperial University of Peking.In short,compared with the funds design of the "University Charter",there has been a considerable reduction in the funds of the Imperial University of Peking.The Boxer Movement rose,and the Imperial University of Peking was suspended due to loss of funds.In 1901,Zhang Baixi holds the post of Minister of Management."Development"became the keynote of the Zhang Baixi era.Expanding the sources of funds and ensuring the autonomy of funds were the basis of "development".Zhang baixi took the opportunity of foreign teachers’ demand for salary to settle the personnel problems left by the Imperial University of Peking in 1898.1n fact,Combining the Imperial College of Translators and official school of imperial clan,gioro,eight banners into the Imperial University of Peking was "reorganized" the multi-track parallel education system.Therefore,Zhang Baixi and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Revenue were playing a game on the ownership of the above educational institutions.In addition,Zhang Baixi proposed that local funds and the interest of Russo-Chinese Bank became source of annual funds for the Imperial University of Peking,and tried to expand the autonomy of the university’s funds to ensure that funds were dedicated.Interest of Russo-Chinese Bank involved the allocation for the Russian Literature School and the Imperial University of Peking,as well as the authority of the Ministry of Revenue.Local funds involved the relationship between the central government and local governors.In brief,Zhang Baixi laid a foundation for the Imperial University of Peking in 1902,but Zhang Baixi’s reform has not been able to break away from the constraints of the existing political and financial systems.In 1904 and 1905,the Academic Affairs Office and the Ministry of Education were successively established,and the national educational administrative functions of the Imperial University of Peking were divested.As a result,the university’s funds management mechanism has changed,and financial power of the university has been firmly controlled by the Academic Affairs Office and the Ministry of Education.Establishment of the Comprehensive University means that the Imperial University of Peking transitioned from higher college to real university.Due to the financial crisis of late Qing dynasty,the Comprehensive University get into trouble in the matter of funds.Since then,there still has been some financial factors in the dispute between"universities of eight" and "some universities first".Relying on personal authority,Zhang Zhidong reversed this situation.However,Funds of the Comprehensive University has not yet been completely resolved.The reform of political system and financial system also affects funds of the Imperial University of Peking.In the process of preparation for constitutionalism,Liu Tingchen,the chief supervisor of the Imperial University of Peking,was excessively involved in the political disturbance.Therefore,financial budget of 1911 face further cut.After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911,funds of the Imperial University of Peking were transferred to military expenditures,and funds of the Imperial University of Peking were lost again.In the late Qing Dynasty,control capability of the Qing government was weakened gradually,and the relationship between politics and education was reorganized.In the case of the widespread "sense of alienation" between politics and education,the Imperial University of Peking shows a high degree of cohesion between politics and education,of which funds act as the glue.the Imperial University of Peking is parasitic within the existing system.During the period of the Minister of Management,the Imperial University of Peking showed that education was consistent with politics.During the period of Academic Affairs Office and the Ministry of Education,education was controlled by politics.In short,Funds of the Imperial University of Peking was adjusted with "politics".Because of this especial politics-academia relation,the Imperial University of Peking got relatively abundant educational resources.However,the Qing government often failed in resource acquisition and distribution,so funds of the Imperial University of Peking get into trouble continuously,the preparation of the Imperial University of Peking was disturbed.