The Influence Of Social Distance And Task Framework On Risk Decision Under Different Time Constraints

In daily life,people not only need to make decisions for themselves,but also often face the situation of making suggestions,making decisions or accepting others’ suggestions and decisions.Through combing the previous studies on the differences of risk preference when individuals make decisions for themselves and others,some results show that they choose more risk options when they make decisions for themselves than for others;some studies show that they tend to choose more risk options when they make decisions for others than for themselves;some studies also show that there is no significant difference in the individual’s tendency to choose risk options when making decisions for themselves and others.For the above contradictory results,it is found that "psychological distance hypothesis" shows that the difference of risk preference when individuals make decisions for themselves and others is mainly caused by the psychological distance between themselves and different "others".That is to say,if "other" is a familiar person,the psychological distance between the decision-making object and self is relatively close.If "other" is a stranger,the psychological distance between the decision-making object and self is relatively far.In addition,before making a choice,individuals often need a certain amount of time to process decision-making problems to make better and more satisfactory choice results,so the quality of decision-making will be affected to a certain extent by the adequacy of decision-making time.Individuals,whether making decisions for themselves or for "others",are likely to face very urgent situations.Individuals,whether making decisions for themselves or for others,are likely to face very urgent situations.They have to make choices in a very short time.In some cases,they have relatively ample time.Individuals can make choices after in-depth analysis and thinking.In this study,the influence of social distance on risk decision-making in the framework of gain and loss is investigated under different time constraints,referring to the widely used manipulation of social distance in previous studies.Specifically speaking,experiment 1 examined the influence of social distance on decision-making risk preference in the framework of gain and loss without time limit.The results showed that: when making decisions for self and friends,individuals are more inclined to choose certain options in the framework of gain and more inclined to choose risk options in the framework of loss.There are significant differences in risk preference between the two frameworks.When strangers make decisions,there is no significant difference in risk preference between the two frameworks.The analysis of decision-making response time shows that there is no significant difference between the decision-making response time of self and friends,but the decision-making response time of self and friends is significantly smaller than that of strangers.In experiment 2a,under the condition of time pressure,investigated the influence of social distance on decision-making risk preference in the gain and loss framework.The results showed that the main effect of social distance was not significant,the main effect of task framework was significant,and the risk preference in the gain framework was significantly lower than that in the loss framework.There is no significant interaction between social distance and task framework.In experiment 2b,the influence of social distance on decision-making risk preference was investigated in the gain and loss framework under the condition of time prolongation.The results showed that there was no significant difference in risk preference between gain framework and loss framework when making decisions for self and friends,while when making decisions for strangers,individuals were more inclined to choose certain options in the gain framework and more inclined to choose certain options in the loss framework.In the choice of risk options,there are significant differences in risk preference between the two frameworks.Through the analysis and discussion of the results of three experiments,the following conclusions are drawn:(1)Under the condition of time pressure or no time pressure,the risk decision-making for self and close psychological others is similar.The risk decision-making for distant psychological others is different from the risk decision-making for self and close psychological others.(2)When there is time pressure,no matter for self,close psychological others or distant psychological others,the risk preference in the gain framework is significantly smaller than that in the loss framework,and only the framework type affects the risk decision.(3)When there is no time pressure,social distance and framework type affect risk decision-making together.The specific performance is that under the condition of no time limit,the risk preference in the gain framework is significantly less than that in the loss framework when making decisions for self and close psychological others;the risk preference in the gain framework and the loss framework when making decisions for distant psychological others is not significantly different.Under the condition of time extension,there is no significant difference between the risk preference in the gain framework and the loss framework for self and close psychological others decision-making;the risk preference in the gain framework for close psychological others decision-making is significantly smaller than that in the loss framework.