| Lipid and glucose metabolism mainly include digestion,absorption,metabolism and excretion.The lipid and glucose metabolism disorder will caused hyperlipidemia.A growing body of evidence has shown that hyperlipidemia,regardless of cause,is an important factor involved in the development of a wide range of human diseases,including coronary heart disease(CHD),nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and metabolic syndrome.Therefore,the searching for therapeutic intervention aimed at lowering lipid levels in blood and the liver has been an area of intensive research.Fructus Schisandra Chinensis(FSC,Wu-wei-zi in Chinese),a traditional Chinese tonic herb,has been used for thousands of years in China.FSC has a widely used in China.In generally,FSC can be divided into two parts:seed and pulp.Previous studies have shown that FSC extract(both seed and pulp)or its active ingredient schisandrin B and other related compounds bicyclol and bifendate can reduce hepatic triglyceride(TG)and total cholesterol(TC)levels in mice with hypercholesterolemia induced by high-fat diet containing cholesterol/bile salt.In this study,we endeavored to investigate whether the two fractions of seed and pulp affected the lipid and glucose metabolism in normal and hyperlipidemia mice.The objective of this study is to establish the pharmacological basis or the potential use of FSC seed and pulp for the treatment of the patients with hypertriglyceridemia,fatty liver disease,and obesity.Part 1 Influent of Fructus Schisandrae Seed Extracts and Powder on lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in normal or hypercholesterolemic Mice1.1 Extraction procedure of Fructus Schisandrae Seed Extracts and PowderObjective:Preparation of Fructus Schisandrae Seed Extracts and PowderMethod:The FSC seed powder was boiled in quintuple of petroleum ether by twice at first,and then boiled in quintuple of 80%ethanol by twice.98.6 g petroleum ether extract of FSC seed(A1)and 84.8g ethanolic extract after petroleum ether extraction of FSC seed(A 4)were finally obtained and stored at 4℃ until use.The FSC seed powder was boiled in quintuple of 80%ethanol by twice at first,and then boiled in quintuple of petroleum ether by twice.118.9 g ethanolic extract of FSC seed(A 3)and 86.7 g petroleum ether extract after ethanolic extraction of FSC seed(A 2)were finally obtained and stored at 4℃ until use.1.2 Influent of Fructus Schisandrae Seed extracts on lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in normal mice.Objective:To study the effect of Fructus Schisandrae Seed extracts on lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in normal mice.Method:Male ICR mice were intragastric administration(i.g.)by Fructus Schisandrae Seed extracts(A 1,A 2,A 3 and A 4)at a does of 25g/kg,respectively.The blood and liver tissue samples were obtained at 24,48,72 and 96 hours after i.g.Serum and hepatic lipids were determined according to the manufacturer’s instruction.Hepatic index was estimated from the ratio of total liver weight to body weight.Result:Petroleum ether extract of FSC seed(A 1)increased the serum TG level at 24 hours after i.g.in normal mice.Forty-eight hours after i.g.the increase of hepatic TC and TG contents and hepatic index have been observed in the group of A 1.However,A 1 decreased the hepatic GLU content within 96 hours.Ethanolic extract of FSC seed(A 3)and ethanolic extract after petroleum ether extraction of FSC seed(A 4)increased hepatic TC content and hepatic index at 48 hours after i.g.Conclusion:A 1 can significantly influence lipid metabolism in normal mice.A 3 and A 4 increased the hepatic lipid contents in short time.1.3 Influent of Fructus Schisandrae Seed extracts on lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in hypercholesterolemic mice.Objective:To study the effect of Fructus Schisandrae Seed extracts on lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in hypercholesterolemic mice.Method:Male ICR mice were divided into 11 groups with 10 mice in each group.Mice were fed with normal diet and high-cholesterol/bile salt diet(HCBD)supplemented without or with 1%and 4%A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4 and A 3’ or 0.1%fenofibrate,respectively,for 10 days.Serum and hepatic lipids were determined according to the manufacturer’s instruction.Result:The serum level of total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein(LDL),and TC content in the gallbladder and feces were obvious increased in mice fed with HCBD.Fenofibrate treatment can significantly reduce serum/hepatic lipids,TC content in the gallbladder,but increase TC content in the feces in the hypercholesterolemic mice.It also obviously increased the serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)activity.A 1 had the effect of increasing blood lipid level and liver weight of hypercholesterolemic mice.A 2 and A 3 can reduce TC level of mice fed with HCBD.A 4 reduced serum TC and LDL level.Four kinds of Fructus Schisandrae seed extracts can significantly reduce the TC level in the gallbladder.A 2 and A 4 increased TC content in the feces.Conclusion:The Fructus Schisandrae seed extracts can significantly influence lipid metabolism in hypercholesterolemic mice and promote TC excretion.1.4 Influent of Fructus Schisandrae Seed powder on lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in hypercholesterolemic mice.Objective:To study the effect of Fructus Schisandrae Seed powder on lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in hypercholesterolemic mice.Method:Male ICR mice were divided into 11 groups with 10 mice in each group.Mice were fed with normal diet and high-cholesterol/bile salt diet(HCBD)supplemented without or with FSC seed powder after extract,respectively,for 10 days.Serum and hepatic lipids were determined according to the manufacturer’s instruction.Result:Mice fed with HCBD significantly increased serum and hepatic lipid content,except for serum TG level,when compared with normal mice.Supplementation with 1%FSC seed powder increased serum lipid levels and MDA content,but decreased hepatic lipid and MDA contents in hypercholesterolemic mice.Conclusion:The FSC seed powder increased serum lipid levels,but decreased hepatic lipid contents in hypercholesterolemic mice.Part 2 Dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in normal mice.2.1 Preparation of Fructus Schisandrae Pulp ExtractsObjective:Preparation of Fructus Schisandrae pulp extracts.Method:FSC pulp(300 g)were powdered and soaked in distilled water for 5 hours at room temperature.The pooled aqueous extract of FSC pulp(AqFSC-P)was centrifuged in two parts:supernatant(SAqFSC-P)and precipitate(PAqFSC-P).The supernatant was concentrated under reduced pressure by rota-evaporation.200 mL SAqFSC-P and 432.5 g PAqFSC-P were finally obtained and stored at 4℃ until use.2.2 Dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in normal mice.Objective:The study aim to observe the dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in normal mice.Method:Male ICR mice were fed with normal diet(ND)without or with supplementation of 1%or 9%(w/w)SAqFSC-P,PAqFSC-P or AqFSC-P,and 0.025%bicyclol for 10 days.Biomarkers were determined according to the manufacturer’s instruction.Results:Supplementation with SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P significantly reduced hepatic TG and GLU levels in ND fed mice.AqFSC-P supplemted decreased hepatic TC and TG contents in normal mice.Bicylol,as a positive control,reduced hepatic TG and GLU content,but increased hepatic MDA and protein contents in ND fed mice.Conclusion:The Fructus Schisandrae pulp extracts can significantly influence hepatic lipid metabolism in normal mice.Part 3 Dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in different model of hyperlipidemia mice.3.1 Dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in HCBD-fed mice.Objective:The study aim to observe the dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in HCBD-fed mice.Method:Male ICR mice were fed with normal diet(ND),or HCBD without or with supplementation of 1%or 3%(w/w)SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P,or 0.3%,1%3%and 9%AqFSC-P,and 0.025%bicyclol for 10 days.Biomarkers were determined according to the manufacturer’s instruction.Results:Mice fed with HCBD significantly increased serum and hepatic lipid content,except for serum TG level,when compared with normal mice.Supplemtation with SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P decreased the hepatic lipid and glucose contents in HCBD-fed mice.AqFSC-P supplemted decreased serum and hepatic GLU contents in hyperlipidma mice.Conclusion:Dietary PAqFSC-P and SAqFSC-P significantly decreased hepatic lipid and glucose contents,However,AqFSC-P decreased serum and hepatic GLU contents only.3.2 Dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in high fat/high cholesterol/salt diet(HFCBD)-fed mice.Objective:The study aim to observe the dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in HFCBD-fed mice.Method:Male ICR mice were fed with normal diet(ND),or HFCBD without or with supplementation of 0.3%,1%or 3%(w/w)SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P,and 0.1%fenofibrate for 10 days.Biomarkers were determined according to the manufacturer’s instruction.Results:HFCBD fed mice increased serum TC level,hepatic lipid contents and hepatic GLU content,but decreased serum TG and GLU levels.Supplementation with PAqFSC-P at a does of 1%increased hepatic lipid and glucose contents in HFCBD-fed mice.SAqFSC-P supplemented increased hepatic protein content.Fenofibrate supplementation decreased serum and hepatic lipid contents.Conclusion:PAqFSC-P can significantly influence lipid and glucose metabolism in HFCBD-fed mice.3.3 Dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in lard/yolk diet(LYD)-fed mice.Objective:The study aim to observe the dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation affected the lipid/glucose metabolism and liver function in LYD-fed mice.Method:Male ICR mice were fed with normal diet(ND),or LYD without or with supplementation of 1%,3%or 9%(w/w)SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P,and 0.025%bicyclol for 10 days.Biomarkers were determined according to the manufacturer’s instruction.Results:Supplementation with SAqFSC-P at a does of I%increased hepatic TC,TG and GLU contents in LYD-fed mice.SAqFSC-P at a does of 3%and 9%decreased hepatic TC and TG contents in mice fed with LYD.Supplementation with bicyclol increased serum TC,HDL and GLU levels and hepatic TG content in HFYD-fed mice.Conclusion:SAqFSC-P can significantly influence lipid and glucose metabolism in LYD-fed mice. |
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