Critical point universality of chemical reactions in a binary liquid mixture

The critical effect on the solubility of metal solutes in a binary liquid mixture is predicted theoretically using the principle of critical point universality. Known theories including the van der Waals equation of state, the regular solution model, and the spin theory of ferromagnetism are reviewed and used to determine the critical exponents. By making use of Griffiths and Wheeler postulates, Jacobian determinant theorems, and experimental data, the critical effects and thermodynamics of one reaction in a binary liquid mixture are analyzed and expanded to include two simultaneous reactions in a binary liquid mixture. The direction of critical divergence is determined by analysis of the heat of reaction, and experimental procedures used to provide a counterexample to the principle of critical point universality.