| International human rights norms are, in general, silent on issues of sexuality. Domestic laws are essential in overcoming limitations in international human rights law as it has traditionally applied to gay and lesbian communities. In recent years, the European Union has made progressive steps in protecting the rights of gay and lesbian citizens. Superficially, Europe appears far more advanced than the United States in legislating equality for sexual minorities. However, a philosophical problem remains unresolved at the supranational level of EU politics: What exactly constitutes discrimination based on sexual orientation? Three countries, the Netherlands, Belgium and Spain offer full protection and benefits under the law. For most of western Europe, life is tolerable for gay and lesbian citizens, offering civil unions and partner benefits. However, hostile conditions remain in some European countries, such as Poland, making life very difficult for gay and lesbian communities. |
