Genomics Study Of Ancient Populations In Western Zhou Cemetery In Hengshui,South Shanxi

Southern Shanxi area is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization,there are a lot of Shang Zhou period relics here.The discovery of the Hengshui cemetery makes a lost record of the Western Zhou Dynasty-Peng Guo appeared in front of everyone.The cemetery embodies rich cultural connotations,the unearthed bronzes show the Zhou culture with a distinct hierarchy,the waist pit and the martyrs also reflect the characteristics of Shang culture,at the same time,the funeral equipment also reflects its own cultural characteristics.The diversity of burial customs and the classification of population make the characteristics of the people in this region complicated and confusing.At present,the cemetery has been extensively studied,but the genetic relationship between the social class of tomb owner and martyrs has not been determined.To solve this problem,we analyze the genetic structure of ancient people from the perspective of genetics.Due to the limitations of previous extraction methods and sequencing technologies,genome studies of ancient populations in Hengshui Cemetery mainly focused on uniparental genetic markers(short fragments of mitochondria and Y chromosomes),but the markers were not sufficient to reflect the population's genetic structure and mixed patterns.With the advancement of experimental methods and sequencing technology,the research of ancient whole genomics can solve this problem to some extent.Therefore,this article chooses the ancient population of Hengshui Cemetery as the research object,and aims to reveal the genetic structure and social structure of the ancient population of Peng Guo with diverse tomb cultures and complex population structure.In this study,we obtained genome-wide data of 41 ancient individuals,11 of which could be used for autosomal analysis;twelve Y chromosome capture data were obtained,all of which can be used for haplogroup determination.Autosomal principal component analysis(PCA)showed that there was no significant difference in the genetic structure among individuals in Hengshui cemetery;F3 and F4 analysis showed that the genetic composition of the Hengshui population was highly similar to the Longshan population in the ancient Central Plain,and had the closest genetic relationship with the modern East Asian population,which reflected the continuity of genetic composition in this region.The diversity of mitochondrial haplogroups is higher,by comparison,Y chromosome haplogroups Q1a1a1 a is the most frequent and only exists in the cemetery non-martyr class,indicating that male Y haplogroups of all classes in Peng Guo have obvious differences,it shows that the social class is strictly divided on the basis of patrilineal descent.Two generations of Pengbo‘s Y chromosome are Q1a1a1 a and has a secondary kinship,shows that the inheritance of power wealth is based on the patrilineal relationship,and the mitochondrial haplogroups are also the same.It is inferenced that Western Zhou Dynasty different states between the aristocratic class may exist fixed marriage.Noble and civilian Y chromosome haplogroup for Q1a1a1 a implying the northern origin of the main population,combining the uniparental genetic markers and autosomal conclusions,inferenced Hengshui population may have migrated from the north to the south of Shanxi Province when the Zhou Dynasty was entrusted,while preserving the paternal lineage,it also continuously exchanges cultural and genes with local populations,and makes some contributions to the genetic components of modern East Asian populations.This study fills in the blank of ancient human genome data in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River during the Western Zhou Dynasty,At the same time,makes a prediction on the social structure of Fang Guo in the Western Zhou Dynasty,and provides comparative data for future academic research.