Phylogeny And Biogeography Study On The Subfamily Pselaphinae

The megadiverse and cosmopolitan subfamily Pselaphinae(Coleoptera:Staphylinidae)contains six supertribes: Faronitae,Euplectitae,Goniaceritae,Batrisitae,and Pselaphitae.As the second largest group of staphylinids(after Aleocharinae),it is represented by more than 10,000 species classicied into 39 tribes and 1100 genera.Research regarding the systematics of Pselaphinae mainly focused on the based taxonomic research,reports of new species,comparative morphology and biogeographic research,etc.However,there are still large gaps in the phylogenetic study of its higher-order elements,and the lineage relationship,divergence time and geographical distribution of the main branches(supertribes and tribes)have not been clarifyed.Therefore,this study combines molec?lar and morphological data to clarify the complex phylogenetic relationships among the supertibe of Pselaphinae.We also estimated the origin,divergence time and evolution of geographical pattern of Pselaphinae to fill relevent study gaps.Two mitochondrial gene(Cytochrome Oxidase I and 16 S r RNA),one nuclear gene 28 S r RNA were sequenced and 57 morphological character were code to analyze6 supertribes,15 tribes,31 genera,36 species and 10 outgroup taxa.The maximum likelihood method(ML)and Bayesian inference method(BI)were used to construct phylogenetic trees of each supertribes of Pselaphinae.Fossils were used to callibrate the branch nodes,estimate the the divergence time of the main branches of Pselaphinae,Use the R installation package Bio Geo BEARS to reconstruct the historical and geographical pattern of the origin and evolution of the Pselaphinae.The main conclusions of this research are as follows:1.The topological structure of the ML and BI phylogenetic trees constructed are largely congruent.Pselaphinae is divided into two major branches,the monophyletic Faronitae supertribe as the sister group of the remaining 5 supertribes,The Pselaphitae,Goniaceritae,and Euplectitae are polyphyletic,while Clavigeritae and Batrisitae are monophyletic.The topological structure based on morphological characteristics shows that Pselaphitae is a paraphyletic group,and the phylogenetic relationships of the other supertribes are consistent with the res?lts of molec?lar studies.The res?lts of combining molec?lar and morphological characteristics to construct a phylogenetic tree are consistent with the res?lts of molec?lar studies.2.Batrisitae is originated in Eurasia at the Late Cretaceous(107 Ma);Clavigeritae originated in Eurasia at the Late Cretaceous(85 Ma).3.The ancestor of the subfamily Pselaphinae may have originated in the Jurassic from an area currently involves Palearctic plus Indomalaya in the Jurassic.The study showed that this subfamily spread from Eurasia to the African continent once in the Paleogene.There were two spreads from North America to South America respectively in the Cretaceous and the early Paleogene.There were seven records of spread from Eurasia to North America respectively in the Late Jurassic,Cretaceous and Late Paleogene,and there were five spreading events to Australia in the Cretaceous,Paleogene and Early Neogene.