Synthesis And Characterization Of Energetic Materials Based On 1,2,3,4-butanetetraol

1,2,3,4-Butanetetraol,also known as erythritol（sugar）alcohol,in recent years,because it could be easily prepared by biological fermentation and other methods,its application had attracted more and more attention.In addition to the application of erythritol in food,it could also be used to synthesize energetic materials.In this paper,a series of energetic material derivatives using erythritol as raw materials had been synthesized.The preparation of erythritol tetranitrate by two nitration systems of HNO₃/H₂SO₄ and N₂O₅/HNO₃ with erythritol as raw material was studied.The controlled variable method was used to optimize the material ratio,reaction temperature and reaction time of the two nitrification systems.The results showed that:meso-erythritol/HNO₃/H₂SO₄=1.00 g/2.00mL/5.00 mL,T=20℃,t=30 min,the ETN yield was the highest,reaching 82.83%;meso-erythritol/N₂O₅/HNO₃=0.625 g/1.00 g/5.00 mL,T=20℃,t=2 h,the ETN yield was the highest,reaching 76.92%.At the same time,ETN was characterized,including NMR,DSC,IR,and SEM.N₂O₅/HNO₃ was a new type of green nitrifying agent,but its yield was lower than that of the mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid.Therefore,solid acid catalysts and lanthanide metal solid acids Catalysts,ionic liquid catalysts,lanthanide metal sulfonate catalysts,and supported lanthanide metal sulfonate catalysts had been studied.The results showed that the supported lanthanide metal sulfonate catalyst had a very good catalytic effect,especially the diatomite-supported Sm（OTf）₃ catalyst could increase the yield of ETN from N₂O₅/HNO₃nitration the most,up to 81.45%.Using erythritol as a raw material,erythritol tetranitrocarbamate and its salt were synthesized and characterized;at the same time,as a comparison,pentaerythritol was used as a raw material to synthesize pentaerythritol tetranitrocarbamate and its salt.The results showed that the thermal stability of the energetic material with pentaerythritol as the raw material was higher than the corresponding energetic material with erythritol as the raw material;the detonation performance of the latter was higher than the former,among them,ETNC(D=7960 m s^-1;P=27.4 GPa),PETNC(D=7629 m s^-1;P=24.3 GPa).The two series of nitrocarbamate and its salt energetic materials have simple synthesis steps and excellent detonation performance,its stability is high,and it has a very large application prospect.