| Flame retardants(FRs),mainly including halogenated flame retardants(BFRs)and organophosphate flame retardants(PFRs),are commonly added to plastic,textile,furniture,and consumer products.It is of great concern due to its releasing from products into environment gradually and their potential to cause health risk outcomes.Numeous studies have studied FRs and human exposure in various microenvironment including house,office,supermarket,and restaurant,however,few research has reported children exposure to FRs in kindergarten,so investigate the occurrence of FRs in kindergarten and assess children’s exposure to FRs are of great significance.With BFRs and PFRs as research objects,six types of samples including surface wipes of floor,desk,sill and toy,atmosphere particles and PUF was collected and analyzed,the results showed that: the concentrations of ∑7BFRs and ∑9PFRs in toy(∑7BFRs:26.8 ng/m2,∑9PFRs:850 ng/m2)>sill(∑7BFRs:5.47 ng/m2,∑9PFRs:282 ng/m2)> desk(∑7BFRs:2.73 ng/m2,∑9PFRs:155 ng/m2)> floor(∑7BFRs:1.40 ng/m2,∑9PFRs:82.0 ng/m2),among the four types of surface wipe samples,∑7BFRs are mainly composed of BDE-99(exclude BDE-209),and PFRs are mainly composed by TPHP.The mean concentrations of ∑7BFRs and ∑9PFRs in atmosphere particles was 101 and 4309 pg/m3,higher accumulation levels were found at the particle size of 0.7-1.1 μm and 1.1-2.1 μm,with BDE-183 and TEP as main pollutents,respectively.Mean contents of ∑7BFRs and ∑9PFRs in air samples were 2.75 and 272 pg/m3,with BDE-99 and TCEP as the predominant congener,respectively.Children in kindergarten provided skin wipes of hand,arm and forehead,HFRs are found in relatively higher concentrations in forehead(94.8 ng/m2)> arm(48.2 ng/m2)> hand(45.6 ng/m2),with BDE-99 and BDE-153 as the most abundant component in forehead surface,and hand and arm surface,respectively;for PFRs,higher Σ9PFRs levels were found in hand surface(2267 ng/m2),followed by forehand(1928 ng/m2)and arm surface(1536 ng/m2),with TCEP as the predominant congener on forehead surface,and the main pollutants for PFRs is TPHP on hand and arm surface.BFRs is mostly exist in the particulate phase and dust,the accumulation of BFRs on skin surface of children mainly comes from atmosphere particles and the dust on various surface;for PFRs with higher vapor pressure and lower lipophilic(TEP,TPP,TCEP,TIBP,and TNBP),which is mostly prone to be in the gas phase,the PFRs accumulating on the skin surface mainly from the gas phase;while other PFRs with lower volatility and higher lipophilic(TPHP,∑TMPP,∑TCPP And TDCIPP),which tends to absorb to atmosphere particles and dust,and the PFRs accumulated on skin surface mainly through particle sedimentation,dust adhesion,and direct contact between hands and dust from various surface.Human exposure to BFRs and PFRs through dermal exposure,inhalation,and oral ingestion through hand-to-mouth contact was evaluated.The whole body dermal exposure dose to Σ6BFRs and Σ9PFRs(276 and 3709 ng/kg·d)were all higher than those of oral ingestion through hand-to-mouth contact(0.1 and 3.69 ng/kg·d)and inhalation intake(256 and 335 ng/kg·d).The non-carcinogenic risk of children’s epoure to FRs were assessed.The non-carcinogenic risk of PFRs through three exposure pathway were all below the risk threshold(1),indicating that exposure to PFRs has not non-carcinogenic risk;the non-carcinogenic risk of BFRs through the pathway of whole body dermal exposure and inhalation are higher than the risk threshold of 1,indicating that children may have potential non-carcinogenic risks.Among the three exposure pathways,dermal exposure contributed most to the total health risk.For BFRs and PFRs,the non-carcinogenic risk of BFRs is higher than PFRs. |
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